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Brain
Brain, CN, memory, sleep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two layers of dura matter | 1. Periosteal layer 2. Meningeal layer |
| What is a venous sinus | Select areas where there is a space between periosteal and meningeal layer. Drains blood from the brain into internal jugular veins |
| What are the three dural folds | 1. Falx cerebri 2. Tentorium cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli |
| What is the falx cerebri | Separates the two cerebral hemispheres in longitudinal fissure |
| What does the falx cerebri contain | Superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus |
| What is the tentorium cerebelli | Separates the cerebellar hemisphere from cerebrum |
| What does the tentorium cerebelli contain | Transverse sinus |
| What is the falx cerebelli | Divides cerebellar hemispheres |
| What anchors the pia matter to the brain | Astrocytes |
| What separates the two lateral ventricles | Septum pellucidum |
| What is the interventicular foramen | Allows flow of CSF from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle |
| How much blood supply goes to the brain ALWAYS | 20% |
| What does the cerebral aqueduct run through | The midbrain |
| Function of the choroid plexus | Produces CSF |
| Function of arachnoid villi | Reabsorbs CSF to venous blood |
| Name 3 functions of the Medulla | 1. Relay nerve signals to brain and spinal cord 2. Control autonomic function (heart beat & breathing) 3. Coordination of body movements |
| What nuclei of 4 cranial nerves does the medulla contain? | IX, X, XI, XII |
| What are the pyramids | Large motor tracts |
| What is the decussation of the pyramids | Crossover point, left cortex controls motor activity of right side of body |
| What are the olives and where are they located | Gives precision to movements, proprioceptive signals, and ventral surface of medulla |
| Name 2 functions of the Pons | 1. Modify respiratory rythmicity center in Medulla 2. Process and relay info to/from Cerebellum |
| What nuclei of 4 cranial nerves does the Pons contain | V, VI, VII, VIII |
| What and where is the corpora quadrigemina | The superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi on the posterior side of the midbrain |
| What does the superior colliculi control | Visually tracking moving objects |
| What does the inferior colliculi control | Reflex turning of head to sounds |
| Name 2 functions of the Thalamus | 1. Receives nearly all sensory info on its way to the cortex 2. Interconnected with limbic system |
| What does the hypothalamus contain | Dozens of nuclei |
| What are the mammillary bodies | Relay station for limbic system olfactory reflexes |
| What is the infundibulum | Structure that suspends pituitary gland |
| What is the pituitary gland | "Master" endocrine gland |
| Name a function of the Hypothalamus | 1. Major regulator for homeostasis of autonomic and endocrine 2. Regulates aggression, rage, pain, pleasure, and arousal 3. Sleep, body temp, food, and thirst |
| What is the epithalamus | Small nuclei just outside of thalamus and hypothalamus |
| What is the pineal gland and what does it secrete | Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin during darkness on the epithalamus |
| What is the center of the two cerebellar hemispheres called | The vermis |
| What is the grey matter in the Cerebellum | Folia |
| What is the white matter in the Cerebellum | Arbor Vitae |
| What is the fissure that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum | Transverse fissure |
| Name 3 functions of the Cerebellum | 1. Coordination of movements 2. Adjustment of postural muscles 3. Sense of equilibrium |
| What is the brain blood brain barrier | Tight junctions that seal epithelial cells, continuous basement membrane, and astrocytes covering capillaries |
| What band of white matter separates the two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum |
| What are basal nuclei | Islands of grey matter within white matter |
| What is the basal nuclei function | Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movements |
| What does the lateral fissure separate | The parietal lobe from the temporal lobe |
| What does the frontal lobe control | Motor, speech (usually left side), personality, mood, social judgement |
| What does the parietal lobe control | Sensation (except smell), language |
| What does the occipital lobe control | Vision |
| What does the temporal lobe control | Smell, HEARING, memory, language, emotional behavior |
| What does the precentral gyrus contain | Primary motor area |
| What does the postcentral gyrus contain | Primary somatosensory area |
| How are the cranial nerves formed | Bundles of axons |
| Blood brain barrier function and what cannot pass | Protects cells from some toxins and pathogens. (Proteins and antibiotics) |
| What does the SNS consist of | Consists of all voluntary motor pathways outside of the CNS and all Skeletal muscle |
| What is the blood brain barrier permeable to | Lipid soluble materials (alcohol, O2, CO2, nicotine, and anesthetics) |
| What does the ANS consist of | All smooth and cardiac muscle, and gland cells |
| What are 2 components of the ANS | Sympathetic division and parasympathetic |
| What is the Sympathetic division and what does it go through | Fight or flight. The spinal cord |
| What is the Parasympathetic division and what does it go through | Rest and digest. Cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord |
| Blood-CSF barrier | At choroid plexus, is ependymal cells joined by tight junctions |
| What is the phrenic nerve | Part of the cervical plexus that keeps the diaphragm alive (C3) |
| CSF concentration compared to plasma (interstitial fluid) | More Na+ and Cl- but less K+ and Ca2 |
| What is the ventricles lined with | Ependymal cells |
| What is the rate of reabsorption/production of CSF | The rate of reabsorption is always the same as production |
| What is hydrocephalus | Blockage of drainage of CSF |
| The neurons of the ______________ send input to cerebellum | Olives |
| What are nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and what is their function | They are sensory neurons and they relay info to thalamus |
| Hoarseness of the voice is a sign of damage to what cranial nerve | Vagus X |
| Posterior 1/3 of tongue taste and BP control and respiration is what cranial nerve | Glossalpharyngeal IX |
| What and where are the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers | Help control breathing and in the pons |
| Function and location of the middle cerebellar peduncles | Carry sensory info to the cerebellum (pons) |
| Posterior 2/3 of tongue, tears and saliva production, and facial expressions are what cranial nerve | Facial VII |
| What is the primary sensory nerve for your face and controls mastication | Trigeminal V |
| What happens when you have had no O2 to the brain for 4 minutes | Coronal cell death due to lysosomes breaking open and cells starting to auto-digest |
| Where are the nucleus of CN III and IV | The midbrain |
| What holds the corticospinal tract | The cerebral peduncles in the midbrain |
| What and where is the Tegmentum | Connects to cerebellum and helps control fine movements through red nucleus. Located in the midbrain |
| What and where is the substantia nigra | Sends inhibitory signals to basal ganglia and thalamus. Located in the midbrain |
| What structure, if degrades, will lead to parkinson's disease and tremors | Substantia nigra |
| What is the tectum in the midbrain | Corpora quadrigemina |
| What is the reticular formation | Clusters of grey matter scattered throughout pons, midbrain, and medulla |
| What does the motor arm of the reticular formation control | Balance and posture, relay info from eyes/ears to cerebellum, track moving objects |
| What is the origin of descending analgesic pathways (pain) | Motor arm of reticular formation |
| What is the reticular activating system (RAS) | Alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep , maintains consciousness, regulates sleep, injury leads to irreversible coma |
| What is the function of the inferior cerebellar colliculi | Carries sensory info from spinal cord |
| What is the function of the superior cerebellar colliculi | Carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areas |
| What is the habenular nuclei and where is it located | Emotional responses to odor and in the epithalamus |
| What and where is the subthalamus | Works with basal ganglia, cerebrum, and cerebellum to control body movements. It is inferior to the thalamus |
| What and where are the circumventicular ograns (CVO) | Monitor changes in blood chemistry due to lack of blood brain barrier. In walls of 3rd and 4th ventricles |
| What are sites of entry for HIV virus/dementia into brain | Circumventicular organs (CVO) |
| What is the cerebral cortex | Grey matter overlying white matter |
| What are the two types of cells in the cerebral cortex | Stellate cells and Pyramidal cells |
| Stellate Cells | Have dendrites projecting in all directions |
| Pyramidal cells | Have an axon that passes out of the area |
| What is part of the cerebral white matter | Commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers |
| What takes up most of the volume of the cerebrum | White matter |
| Projection tracts | Extend vertically from brain to spinal cord forming internal capsule and ascending and descending tracts |
| Association tracts | Connect lobes and gyri of each hemisphere to each other |
| Commissural tracts | Cross from one hemisphere to another (corpus callosum) |
| Where is the main area for equilibrium | The cerebellum |
| Name 3 functions of the CSF | 1. Buoyancy 2. Cushions brain from hitting skull 3. Chemical stability (rinses away waste) |
| Where is the primary gustatory area | Bottom of postcentral gyrus |
| What is the broca's area | Motor speech area, right under precentral gyrus. Transmits to primary motor cortex for action |
| What is the Wernicke's area | Auditory association center, right under post central gyrus. How you turn words to speech |
| Cerebral palsy | Loss of motor control and coordination. Damage to motor areas. Not a progressive disease, but irreversible |
| Cognition | Awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge, memory |
| What would happen if a brain lesion occurred in the temporal lobe | Agnosia (can't recognize objects) of prosopagnosia (can't recognize faces) |
| What would happen if a brain lesion occurred in the pariteal lobe | Contralateral neglect syndrome (can't recognize one half of body) |
| What does the prefrontal cortex control | How emotions are expressed (judgement) |
| Where do emotions form | Hypothalamus and amygdala |
| Parkinson's disease | Neurons from the substantia nigra do not release enough dopamine onto basal ganglia |
| What is the limbic system | Loop of corticol structures surrounding deep brain. Intense emotional brain |
| Name a function of the amygdala | Emotions |
| Name a function of the hippocampus | Organizing sensory and cognitive info and turning it into a memory |
| What structures are part of the limbic system | (amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, and cingulate gyrus |
| Are are some possible triggers for sleep | 1. Adenosine levels increase with brain activity 2. Adenosine levels inhibit activity in RAS |
| How does caffeine make you stay awake | It prevents adenosine from inhibiting RAS |
| What are the 4 stages of brain waves | Alpha, beta, theta, delta |
| What happens in the first 90 minutes of sleep | Go from 1 to 4 of NREM, go up to stage 2 of NREM, go to REM. Cycle repeats until REM totals 90 to 120 minutes |
| REM sleep | Where most dreams occur. Neuronal activity and oxygen is at its highest. Total sleeping/dreaming time decreases with age. Occurs about 5 times a night EEG resembles awake person. Help store and strengthen info from memory |
| What is immediate memory | Ability to hold something in your thoughts for just a few seconds. |
| What is reverberating circuits | The immediate memory of what just happened "echoes" in our minds for a few seconds |
| What happens with facilitation and short term memory | Makes it last longer with tetanic stimulation (rapid, repetitive signals) causing Ca2 to accumulate and cell becomes more likely to fire |
| What is posttetanic potentiation | To jog a memory. Ca2 level in synaptic knob has stayed elevated long after tetanic stimulation, so little stimulation will be able to recover that memory |
| What is declarative long term memory | Retention of facts as texts or words |
| What is procedural long term memory | Retention of motor skills |
| What is long term memory | Physical remodeling of synapses with new branching of axons or dendrites |
| What is long term potentiation | Tetanic stimulation causes ionic changes (Ca2 entry) Neuron produces more neurotransmitter receptors, synthesizes more protein, releases nitric oxide, signals more neurotransmitter release |
| What is anterograde amnesia | Can not store new data |
| What is retrograde amnesia | Can not remember old data |
| In what order does fact memory go in | Sensory receptor --> Sensory cortex --> Sensory association center --> Amygdala / Hippocampus --> Hypothalamus/basal forebrain --> Thalamus --> Ventral median prefrontal cortex --> Basal forebrain --> Sensory association area |
| In what order does skill memory go in | Sensory association area --> Hippocampus --> Cerebellum --> Caudate and lentiform nuclei --> Premotor cortex/motor control |
| What is aprosodia | A lesion in the broca's area where an individual cannot recognize certain letters |
| What is the angular gyrus and where is it located | Processes text into a form we can speak, right behind wernicke's |
| Where are language centers located in most people | Left cerebral hemisphere |
| What is aphasia | Inability to use or comprehend words due to deficit in broca or wernicke's areas |
| Lesion to Broca's area | Nonfluent aphasia - know what they want to say but can't speak, entire vocab around 2-3 words |
| Lesion to wernicke's | Fluent aphasia - Speech normal and excessive but makes little sense |
| Damage to common auditory association area or integrative area | Anomic aphasia - Speech and understanding are normal but text/pictures make no sense |
| What is CN 0 | First found in humans in 1913. The reaction to pheromones. Begin in olfactory epithelium but terminate in lateral/medial septal nuclei and preoptic areas (hot button sex regions) |
| What is cerebrovascular accident CVA and types | Third leading cause of death (stroke.) Ischemic and hemmorhagic |
| What is the purpose of Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) | If used within 3 hours of a stroke it can decrease the risk of permanent disability |
| Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) | Episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction because of impaired blood flow to the brain. Dizziness, slurred speech, numbness, paralysis on one side, double vision |
| Alzheimer disease | Dementia= loss of reasoning, ability to read/write, talk, eat, walk. Loss of neurons that release ACh, plaque of abnormal proteins on neurons, tangled protein filaments on neurons, |
| What can be beneficial for Alzheimer's | Estrogen, Vitamin E, ibuprofen, and ginko biloba |
| What is a contusion | Bruising of brain, always lose consciousness, blood in CSF |
| When does alpha occur | When awake and resting with eyes closed |
| When does beta occur | With eyes open performing mental tasks |
| What does theta occur | During sleep or emotional stress |
| When does delta occur | During deep sleep |
Created by:
Destynelamar
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