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A&P2 Chapter 24-25
The Digestive System, Metabolism and Energetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sequence steps by which large food molecules are broken down into their respective building blocks by catalytic enzymes is called? | chemical digestion |
| The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called? | peristalsis |
| The ____ sphincter, or valve, controls food movement from the stomach into the small intestines. | pyloric |
| Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called? | rugae |
| Intrinsic factor, produced by cells in the stomach, is necessary for the absorption of vitamin ____ in the small intestine. | B12 |
| The three subdivisions of the small intestines are? | duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| The fingerlike projections of the small intestine increase the surface are and are known as ____. | villi |
| Bile is formed by the _____. | liver |
| The process by which food within the small intestine is mixed with digestive juices by backward and forward movement across the internal wall of the organ is called? | segmentation |
| Deep folds of both the mucosa and submucosa in the small intestine that increase surface are known as? | plicae circulares |
| The process of chewing is known as? | mastication |
| What sphincter regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach? | esophageal |
| The enzyme produced by the salivary glands used in the breakdown of starches is salivary ___. | amylase |
| The active, voluntary process of placing food in one's mouth is? | ingest |
| When digestion is not occurring in the small intestine, bile is stored in the? | gallbladder |
| The process of eliminating indigestible residues from the GI tract is called? | defecation/excretion |
| Two hormones that promote the release of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine are? | secretin and cholecystokinin or CCK |
| The hormone responsible for promoting the release of pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach is called? | gastrin |
| Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stomach for the conversion of pepsinogen into its active protein-digesting form called? | pepsin |
| What lymphatic tissue in the submucosa of the small intestine prevents bacteria from entering the blood? | pyers patches |
| The small intestine extends from the ____. (valve to valve) | pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve |
| What organs release secretions into the duodenum of the small intestine? | liver and pancreas |
| Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into the? | duodenum |
| List the functions of the small intestines. | (1) mixes food with bile and pancreatic juices (2) final enzyme breakdown of food molecules (3) main site of nutrient absorption |
| Name the divisions of the large intestines. | cecum, colon, rectum |
| List the functions of the large intestines. | (1) reabsorb water and compact feces (2) absorb vitamins by bacteria (3) store fecal material prior to defecation |
| List the function of the liver. | 1)bile production/excretion 2)excretion of bilirubin/cholesterol/hormones/drugs 3)metabolism of fats/proteins/carbs 4)enzyme activation 5)storage of glycogen/vitamins/minerals 6)synthesis of plasma proteins 7)blood detoxification/purification |
| What is used to increase the surface area of the small intestines? | microvilli, villi, circular folds (plicae circulares) |
| When feces are forced in the rectum by mass movement and the wall of the rectum becomes stretched, the ___ reflex is initiated. | defecation reflex |
| ____ refers to all chemical reactions necessary to maintain life. | metabolism |
| Sugars and starches are types of organic compounds known as ____. | carbohydrates |
| The major fuel for making ATP in most cells of the body is a type of carbohydrate known as? | glucose |
| The three main metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration are? | glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain |
| The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as fats and proteins, is known as? | gluconeogenesis |
| The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and other lipids to body cells is called? | low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
| Proteins are digested to their building blocks which are called? | amino acids |
| In which stage of carbohydrate metabolism is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced in greatest quantity during? | the electron transport chain |
| The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called? | conduction |
| Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the surface of your body is called? | convection |
| Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate)are? | body weight, sex, genetics, and age ***NOT body height, physical exertion*** |
| List the fat-soluble vitamins. | vitamin A, D, E and K |
| List the water soluble vitamins. | vitamin B and C |
| The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is? | folic acid (folate), B6 |
| The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin? | vitamin D |
| What is meant by an essential nutrient? | a nutrient required for normal body functioning that can not be synthesized by the body |
| Vitamin K is needed for? | blood clotting, but also essential to building strong bones, preventing heart disease and crucial to other bodily proceses |
| Deficiency of this vitamin causes scurvy. | vitamin C |
| To increase the absorptive efficiency of the small intestine, the surface area of the mucosa is increased by the presence of folds in the wall called ___, and projections of the cells membrane called ____. | villi, microvilli |
| What is the order of the small intestine? (from the stomach) | duodenum, jejunum and ileum |
| What enzymes degrades lipids? | pancreatic lipases |
| How is glucose stored in muscle and liver cells? | stored in the form of glycogen. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells and liver glycogen converts to glucose for use throughout the body |
| *Short Answer* Describe how these chemical reactions assist with blood sugar homeostasis: gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. | Gluconeogenesis-to make new glucose from non-carb substrates Glycogenolysis- to break down glycogen Glycogenesis- to make glycogen |
| *Short Answer* List and describe four functions of the digestive system. | (1)ingestion- take in food through mouth (2)Digestion- breakdown food through mechanical & chemical digestion (3) Absorption- absorb nutrients through walls of intestine (4) Excretion- eliminate waste through fecal matter |
| Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive track EXCEPT the? | bladder |
| Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? | pancreas |
| Digestion refers to the? | mechanical and chemical breakdown of food |
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system? | filtration |
| Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called? | peristalsis |
| The activities of the digestive system are regulation by? | hormones, the contents of the digestive tract, parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons |
| The ___ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics and blood vessels. | mesenteries |
| A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following EXCEPT in the? | stomach |
| What organ is primarily responsible for water absorption? | large intestine |
| The greater omentum is? | a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera |
| A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would? | interfere with carbohydrate digestions in the mouth |
| The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called? | rugae |
| The enzyme pepsin digests? | proteins |
| The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach os? | gastrin |
| An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is? | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The fusion of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct forms the? | common bile duct |
| Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of? | fats |
| Identify the INCORRECT pairing. | liver; produces intrinsic factor |
| The sum of all the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called? | metabolism |
| Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? | structural maintenance, growth and repair, and produces secretions |
| Reactions within ___ provide most of the energy needed by the typical cell. | the mitochondria |
| What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat? | 60 |
| The study of the flow of energy and its transformation is called? | energetics |
| The citric acid cycle. | begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid |
| In the electron transport chain, | NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms, reduced molecules transfer energy to make ATP formation and oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation |
| In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? | 2 |
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jnipper
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