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LPN Intro A&P
Intro to Anatomy & Physiology and Medical Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell | fundamental unit of life |
| organization of the body - smallest to largest | atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems |
| atoms and cells | are the smallest units that make up the organelles of a cell |
| the shape and size of a cell | depends upon the function of the cell ie. muscle cell, epithelial cell, fat cell, nerve cell |
| each cell is capable of | performing all functions like a large organism |
| a number of similar cells performing the same function is known as | a tissue |
| different tissues are | muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue |
| a number of similar tissues working together to perform the same function is known are known as | an organ (ie stomach) |
| a number of similar organs working together to perform the same function is known are known as | a system (ie digestive system) |
| a number of similar systems working together to perform the same function is known are known as | a system (ie the human body) |
| superior | above a certain structure or location of the body |
| inferior | below a certain structure or location of the body |
| ventral | toward the belly or front of the body or structure |
| dorsal | toward the back of the body or structure |
| medial | toward the middle, body midline or in the center of the body |
| lateral | on the side of the body or structure |
| intermediate | between two organs, objects or points of the body |
| ipsilateral | on the same side of the body or structure |
| contralateral | on opposite sides of the body or structure |
| proximal | toward an origin of a structure or closest to the body midline ie shoulder is proximal to body |
| distal | farther away from an origin of a structure of the body midline ie wrist is distal to shoulder |
| superficial | toward the surface of a structure or body |
| deep | away from the surface of a structure or a body |
| anterior | toward the front of the body of a structure or a body |
| posterior | toward the rear of a structure or body |
| supine | lying on the back |
| prone | lying on the stomach |
| planes of the body are | imaginary flat surfaces dividing the body from different sides |
| frontal or coronal | a vertical plane dividing a bilaterally symmetrical body, structure or organism into anterior and posterior sections (ie front and back halfs) |
| sagittal | a vertical plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical body, structure or organism into two left and right equal halves (ie mirror image halves) |
| parasagittal | a vertical plane that divides a bilaterally symmetrical body, structure or organism into two left and right unequal halves |
| transverse (cross-sectional) | a plane passing through a body, structure or organism that is at a 90 degree angle to the long (generally vertical) axis of the structure |
| oblique | a plane passing through a body, structure or organism that is at an angle other than 90 degrees to the long (vertical) axis of the body |
| body cavities are | spaces within the body the contain internal organs (viscera) |
| dorsal cavities | toward the back of the body - cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
| cranial cavity | contains the brain and the pituitary gland |
| spinal cavity | contains the spinal cord |
| ventral cavities | toward the front of the body - thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| thoracic cavity | contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland and aorta |
| abdominal cavity | contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gallbladder |
| pelvic cavity | contains portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, and the vagina |
| the thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by | a muscular wall like structure called the diaphragm |
| andominopelvic cavity | is the abdominal and pelvic cavities - they do not have a separation (like a diaphragm), only an imaginary line to separate them |
| digestive system | consists of the digestive tract and four accessory organs connected by ducts - salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder - that secrete substances into the tract that aid in the processes of digestion and absorption |
| digestive tract is also called | alimentary canal, or the gastrointestinal tract and extends from the mouth to the anus |
| different regions of the digestive tract | the oral cavity, the throat called pharynx, the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon |
| the three sections of the small intestines are | the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum |
| the digestive system converts food into nutrients by three processes | ingestion, digestion and excretion |
| urinary system | consists of two kidneys, two ureters, and one urinary bladder |
| main function of the urinary system | to remove nitrogenous wastes that are produced in the body when proteins combine with oxygen |
| urea | wastes that are filtered from the blood and removed from the kidneys as a water soluble waste |
| two functions of the kidneys are | removing urea from the blood, maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids |
| the kidneys act as endocrine organs and secrete two hormones | rennin and erythropoietin |
| an active form of which vitamin is secreted by the kidneys | Vitamin D |
| which two hormones are degraded and excreted from the bloodstream by the kidneys | insulin and parathyroid |
| urine is produced in three steps | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| urinary bladder | stores urine until it is expelled out by a process called micturition or voiding |
| female reproductive system | is made up of uterus, the female gonads called ovaries, fallopian tubes (uterine tubes), vagina, and external genitalia |
| the uterus | is a hollow, muscular sac, roughly the size of fist and shaped like an upside down pear. |
| the mammary glands | are two accessory organs which produce and secrete milk after childbirth |
| fallopian tubes | one on each side of the uterus transport the ova (egg) from the ovaries to uterus |
| male reproductive system | is made up of the male gonads (testes), the male reproductive tract, accessory glands and external genitalia |
| the testes (testicles) | are responsible for the production of the sperm, and the production of the male hormone testosterone |
| the male accessory reproductive glands are | two seminal vesicles, prostate gland, two bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands). The secretions from these glands, along with the sperms form a fluid called the semen |
| the male external genitalia consists of | the scrotum and the penis |
| cranial nervous system | nerves go from the brain to the eyes, mouth, ears and other parts of the head |
| central nervous system | nerves are in your brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves go from spinal cord to your arms, hands, legs and feet |
| autonomic nervous system | nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder and sex organs (all the main functioning organs) |
| the nervous system | consists of the central nervous systems (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| the CNS (central nervous system) | consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain receives data, processes it and initiates a response. The spinal cord carries information back and forth between the brain and the PNS |
| the PNS (peripheral nervous system) | consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| cranial nerves | arise directly from the brain, and supply the head and neck regions |
| peripheral nerves | arise from the spinal cord and carry messages to the CNS from the trunk and extremities |
| the respiratory system | composed of the nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, the bronchi and lungs |
| inspiration | the breathing in of air into the lungs |
| expiration | the breathing out of air from the lungs |
| respiration | inspiration and expiration together |
| external respiration | the exchange of gases in the lungs (ie oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood) |
| internal respiration | the exchange of gases in the tissues (ie oxygen leaves the blood to enter the tissues and carbon dioxide leaves the tissues to enter the blood) |
| the skeleton | is the support forming the framework of the body onto which everything else is attached - thus protecting the underlying soft tissues like heart and lungs |
| to allow the movement of the joints | bones along with muscles, tendons and ligaments |
| bones | are store houses of calcium and phosphorous |
| red bone marrow | produces blood cells |
| muscles are important because | they not only enable us to walk, run, lift ect. they are necessary for all body functions like breathing and movement of the digestive tract |
| the skin | is the largest organ of the body |
| integumentary system | includes the skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails |
| integument means | covering |
| the skin consists of 3 layers | epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fatty layer |
| the dermis consists of | connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels and nerve endings |
| the subcutaneous tissue does what | helps maintain the temperature of the body |
| melanocytes | cells that contain a black pigment that gives our skin its color |
| the "sense" organs are | the eye, ear, skin, taste buds, and nose |
| the eye does what | enables us to see near and distant objects in quick succession with a feature called accommodation |
| the eye | a sphere with an outer layer (sclera), a middle layer (choroid) and an inner layer (retina) |
| the sclera | maintains the shape of the eye |
| the choroid | is the vascular layer |
| the retina | is the sensitive layer that enables us to see |
| the ear does what | enables us to hear and also maintain our balance |
| the ear | is made up of three distinct sections - the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear |
| the external ear | receives sound waves that vibrate the eardrum, which in turn vibrates the three small bones in the inner ear that are in contact with the oval window of the inner ear |
| the cochlea | picks up the sound waves which transmits them to the brain through the cochlear nerve |
| 2 components of the cardiovascular system | the heart and the blood vessels |
| largest connective tissue of the body | blood ? I think it's blood vessels |
| the blood | is pumped by the heart into the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system - delivering oxygen, heat and essential nutrients to every cell in the body |
| the heart | is a muscular organ located in the chest that is the pump helping circulate blood all over the body |
| the arteries | carry blood away from the heart to body tissues |
| the veins | carry the blood back to the heart from the body tissues |
| hemopoiesis | formation of the blood cells |
| before birth - the production of blood cells are | formed in the liver, spleen, and a few in the thymus, lymph and bone marrow |
| after birth - the production of blood cells are | mostly done in the red bone marrow, but some white blood cells are produced in lymph nodes and the spleen |
| stem cell | also called hemopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast - all the different blood cells develop from this type of cell |
| when a stem cell divides | one of the daughter cell remains as a stem cell, the other becomes any one of the other types of blood cells |
| the blood volume is made up of | 45% blood cells and 55% plasma |
| plasma is | made up of mainly water with proteins, sugar, salts, hormones, and vitamins floating in it |
| the three main types of blood cells are | erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets) |
| the erythrocytes | red blood cells - disc shaped, help carry oxygen to the tissues |
| the leukocytes | white blood cells - helps protect the body by attacking the foreign antigens and dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris |
| the five types of leukocytes are | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes |
| the thrombocytes | are tiny fragment like cells and help in the clotting of blood |
| lymphatic system | consists of a system of fine vessels that have a fluid called lymph running through them and the lymph nodes |
| lymph means | clear spring water - when fluid found in the spaces around tissue cells is picked up by the lymph vessels. Does not contain any red blood cells, platelets and very few proteins |
| lymph nodes | collections of lymphoid tissue along the route of the lymphatics |
| lymph nodes produce | white blood cells called lymphocytes which protect the body by producing antibodies |
| phagocytes | are white blood cells present in lymph nodes that swallow and destroy bacteria in the lymph |
| two accessory organs of the lymphatic system are | thymus gland and spleen |
| thymus gland | helps in the production of antibodies |
| the spleen | helps in storage blood cells and removal of old red blood cells and microorganisms like bacteria |
| the endocrine system | consists of a number of glands that secrete their secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| hormone | means urging on |
| hormones | are chemical substances that are transported to their target organs through the bloodstream and regulate various functions of an organism |
| the pituitary gland | called the "master" endocrine gland - it produces a number of hormones that act on the other endocrine glands to regulate their secretions and function |
| hormones work by | binding to receptor sites in their target organs very much like a key fitting into a lock |
| a- an- | without, not, lack of, absent, deficient |
| ab- | away from |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| acous/o | hearing, sound |
| -ac | pertaining to |
| acr/o acromin/o | extreme ends of a part, especially on extremities |
| actin/o | relationship to raylike structures or x-rays or some other type of radiation |
| -acusis | hearing |
| ad- | to, toward, near, added to |
| aden/o | gland |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| adenex/o | structure, next to |
| adip/o | fat |
| adren/o adrenal/o | adrenal gland |
| aer/o | air |
| agglutin/o | clumping, sticking together |
| -agogue | inducing, leading, stimulating |
| -agon | to assemble, gather |
| -al | pertaining to |
| albin/o | white |
| albumin/o | albumin (protein) |
| alges/o, algi/o- , algesi/o | pain |
| -algesia | sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | pain, painful condition |
| alveol/o | alveolus, air sac, small sac |
| amb-, ambi-, ambo- | both, on two sides |
| angi/o | vessel |
| anis/o | unequal |
| an/o | anus |
| ante- | before, forward, in front of |
| anter/o | position ahead of or in front of |
| anti- | against, to prevent, suppress or destroy |
| aort/o | aorta |
| append/o, appendic/o | appendix |
| aque/o | water |
| -arche | beginning |
| arter/o, arteri/o | artery |
| arthr/o | joint, articulation |
| articul/o | joint, articulation |
| -arthria | articulate (speak distinctly) |
| -ary | pertaining to |
| -ase | enzyme |
| -asis | condition, usually abnormal |
| -asthenia | lack of strength |
| ather/o | plaque, fatty substance |
| atri/o | atrium, upper heart chamber |
| audi/o | sound, hearing |
| aur/o | ear |
| auricul/o | ear |
| auto- | self |
| axill/o | armpit |
| azot/o | urea, nitrogen |
| bacteri/o | bacteria |
| balan/o | glans penis |
| bas/o | base, opposite to acid |
| bi- | double, two, twice |
| bili/o, bil/l | bile, gall |
| bilirubin/o | bilirubin |
| bi/o | life, living organism |
| blast-, blast/o, -blast | early stage, immature cell or bud |
| bleph-, blephar-, blephar/o | eyelid, eyelash |
| brachi/o | arm |
| brachy- | short |
| brady- | slow |
| bronch/o, bronchi/o, bronchio/o | bronchus, bronchi |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| burs/o | bursa (sac of fluid near the joint) |
| calc/o | calcium |
| cali/o, calic/o | calyx (in the kidney) |
| capn/o | carbon dioxide |
| -capnia | carbon dioxide |
| carcin/o | cancer |
| cardi/o | heart |
| carp/o | wrist bones (carpals) |
| caud/o | tail, lower part of the body |
| caus/o | burn, burning |
| cauter/o | heat, burn |
| cec/o | cecum (a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines) |
| -cele | hernia, herniation, pouching, swelling; enlarged space or cavity |
| celi/o, cel/o | belly, abdomen |
| -centesis | relating to 100 (used in naming units of measurements) |
| centi- | relating to 100 (used in naming units of measurements) |
| cephal/o | head |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum, posterior part of the brain |
| cerebr/o | brain |
| cervic/o | neck |
| cheil-, cheil/o, chil/o | lips |
| cheir-, cheir/o (also written chir-, chiro-) | hand |
| -chezia | defecation, elimination of wastes |
| choledoch/o | common bile duct |
| chlorhydr/o | hydrochloric acid |
| choir/o, chorion/o | chorion, outermost membrane of the fetus |
| cholesterol/o | cholesterol |
| cholangi/o | bile vessel |
| chol-, chol/e, cholo- | bile gall |
| chol/e, chol/o | bile |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| cib/o | meal |
| -cid, -cide | to cut (killer) |
| circum- | around |
| cirrh/o | orange-yellow |
| cis/o | to cut |
| -clasis | to break |
| -clast | to break |
| cleid/o | clavicle |
| -clysis | irrigation, washing |
| coagul/o | clotting, coagulation |
| col/o, colon/o | colon, large intestine |
| colp-, colp/o | vagina |
| comat/o | deep sleep |
| comi/o | to care for |
| coni/o | dust |
| conjuntiv/o | conjunctiva (lines the eyelids) |
| contra- | against, opposite |
| cor/o, core/o | pupil |
| coron/o | crown, heart |
| cortic/o | cortex, outer region |
| cost/o | rib |
| counter- | against, opposite to |
| crin/o | secrete |
| -crine | secrete, seperate |
| cry-, cry/o | low temperature |
| crypt-, crypt/o | hidden, concealed |
| cutane/o, cut/o | skin |
| -cusis | hearing |
| cyan/o | blue |
| cycl/o | ciliary body of the eye, cycle, circle |
| -cyesis | pregnancy |
| cyst/o | bladder, cyst |
| cyst/o | sac, bladder |
| -cyte | cell |
| cyt/o | cell |
| -cytosis | condtion of cells, slight increase in cells |
| dacry/o | tear |
| dactyl/o | digits (usually fingers but sometimes toes) |
| de- | down, from, remove |
| dendr/o | tree |
| dent/o | tooth |
| derma-, derm-, derm/o, dermat/o | skin |
| -desis | to bind, tie together |
| di-, dipl/o | twice, double |
| dia- | across, through, apart |
| diaphor/o | sweat |
| digit/o | digit |
| dips/o | thirst |
| dis- | apart, free from, far, distant |
| dorsi-, dors/o | back (in the human, this combining form refers to the same regions as postero-) |
| duct/o | to lead, carry |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| -dynia | pain, tenderness |
| dys- | bad, difficult, abnormal |
| -ectasia | stretching, dilation, expansion |
| -ectasis | dilation, stretching |
| ecto- | outer, outside |
| -ectomy, -ectomize | excision, surgical removal of |
| -em | in |
| -emesis | vomiting |
| -emia | blood condtion |
| en-, endo- | in, into, within |
| encephal/o | brain |
| endo- | inner, inside |
| enter/o | intestines |
| eosin/o | rosy, dawn-colored |
| epi- | over, on , upon |
| epididym/o | epididymis |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| episi/o | vulva, external female genetalia |
| erythem/o, erythemat/o | flushed, redness |
| erythr/o | red |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| -esis | condtion |
| esthes/o | nervous sensation (feeling) |
| -esthesia, esthesi/o | nervous sensation |
| estr/o | female |
| eu- | normal, good, well, healthy |
| ex-, exo- | out, out of, from, away from |
| extra- | beyond, outside of, in addition to |
| fasci/o | fibrous connective tissue layers |
| -ferent | to bear, to carry |
| fibr/o | fibre, fibrous, threadlike structures, fibres |
| -flexion | process of bending |
| furc/o | division, fork |
| galact/o | milk |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| gangli/o, ganglion/o | ganglion, collection of nerve cell bodies |
| -gen | an agent that produces or originates |
| -genesis | development, production, creation |
| -genic | producing, causing |
| genit/o | organs of reproduction |
| geno- | a relationship to reproduction or sex |
| -geny | manner of origin, development or production |
| gingiv/o | gum |
| glauc/o | grey |
| gli/o, -glia | gluey material; specifically, the connective tissue of the brain |
| -globin, -globulin | protein |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| gloss/o | tongue |
| gluc/o | sweetness, glucose |
| glyc/o, glycogen/o, glycos/o | sugar |
| -gnath, gnath/o | related to the jaw |
| gon/o | seed, knee |
| gonad/o | sex glands |
| -gram | record |
| granul/o | granule(s) |
| -graph | a diagram, a recording |
| -graphy | process of making/taking a record |
| -gravida | pregnant woman |
| gravid/o | pregnancy |
| gynec/o | woman |
| hemat/o | blood |
| home/o | sameness, unchanging, constant |
| hem/o | blood |
| hemoglobin/o | hemoglobin |
| hemi- | half |
| hepat/o, hepatic/o | liver |
| herni/o | hernia |
| heter/o | other, different |
| hist/o, histi/o | tissue |
| home/o, homo- | unchanging, the same |
| hydr/o, hidr/o | water |
| hyper- | excessive, too much, high |
| hypo- | under, decreased, less than normal |
| hyster/o | uterus |
| -ia | state of |
| -iasis | condition of |
| iatr/o | physician, treatment |
| -iatrics | medical practice, specialties |
| -ic | pertaining to |
| -ichthy/o | dry, scaly |
| idi/o | separate, distinct, unknown, individual self, one's own |
| ile/o | ileum |
| ili/o | ilium |
| im- | in, into, lacking, within, not |
| immun/o | immune, protection, safe |
| in- | in, into, lacking, within, not |
| -in | substance |
| -ine | pertaining to |
| infra- | below, beneath |
| ir/o, irid/o | iris (colored portion of the eye) |
| integument/o | covering |
| inter- | between |
| intra- | into, within |
| -is | pertaining to |
| ischi/o | ischium (part of the hip bone) |
| -ism | a condtion, state of |
| is/o | same, equal |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -ive | pertaining to |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| juxta- | next to |
| kal/i | potassium |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| kerat/o | cornea of the eye, certain horny tissues |
| kines/o, kinesi/o | movement |
| -kinesia, -kinesis | movement |
| labi/o | lip |
| lacrim/o | tear |
| lact/o | milk |
| lapar/o | abdomen, loin or flank |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| lept/o | thin, slender |
| leuk/o | white |
| ligament/o | ligament |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| lip/o | fat |
| -listhesis | slipping |
| lith/o | stone |
| -lithiasis | condition of stone |
| -lithotomy | incision for removal of a stone |
| lob/o | lobe |
| -logy | the study of |
| -lex/o | word, phrase |
| lumb/o | lower back, loin |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland, node |
| -lysis | destruction of, decomposition |
| lys/o, lysis | flowing, loosening, dissolution |
| -lytic | to reduce, destroy, separate, breakdown |
| macro- | large |
| mal- | bad, illness, disease |
| malac/o, malacia- | softening |
| mamm/o | breast, mammary gland |
| mast/o | mammary gland, breast |
| mastoid/o | mastoid process (behind the ear) |
| maxill/o | maxilla (upper jaw bone) |
| meat/o | meatus, opening |
| medull/o | medulla, inner section, middle, soft, marrow |
| mediastin/o | mediastinum |
| mega- | large |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| melan/o | black |
| men/o | menstruation |
| mening/o, miningi/o | membranes covering the brain and spinal cord |
| mes-, mesa-, meso- | middle, midline |
| meta- | change, beyond |
| -meter | measuring instrument |
| metr/o | uterus |
| -metry | measurement |
| micro- | small |
| mi/o | smaller, less |
| mon/o | one, single |
| mort/o, -mortem | death |
| multi- | many |
| muscul/o | muscle |
| myc/o | fungus |
| mydr/o | wide |
| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow |
| my/o | muscle |
| myring/o | tympanic membrane, eardrum |
| myx/o | mucus |
| narc/o | numbness, stupor, sleep |
| nas/o | nose |
| natr/o | sodium |
| necr/o | death |
| necr/o | death, corpse |
| neo- | new |
| nephr/o | kidney |
| neur/o | nerve |
| neutr/o | neither, neutral |
| noct/i- | night |
| non- | not |
| nos/o | disease |
| nulli- | none |
| nyct/o | night |
| ocul/o | eye |
| odont/o | tooth |
| -oid | likeness, resemblance |
| olig/o | small,scant, few, a deficiency of |
| -ole | small, little |
| -oma | tumor, swelling |
| -one | hormone |
| onych/o | nails |
| oophor/o | ovary |
| opthalm/o | eye |
| -opia. -opsia | vision |
| opt/o, optic/o | eye, vision |
| orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o | testis |
| -orexia | apptetite |
| or/o | mouth |
| orth/o | straight, normal, correct |
| oscill/o, ossicul/o | to swing to and fro |
| -ose | full of, pertaining to, sugar |
| -osis | condition |
| -osmia | smell |
| oste/o | bone, bone tissue |
| -ostomy | creating a new opening |
| -otia | ear condition |
| ot/o | ear |
| -ous | pertaining to |
| ovari/o | ovary |
| ov/l, ov/o, ovul/o | egg |
| oxy- | swift, sharp, acid |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| -oxia | pertaining to oxygen |
| palat/o | palate (roof of mouth) |
| palpebr/o | eyelid |
| pan- | all |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| papill/o | nipple-like, optic disk (disk) |
| par- | other than, abnormal |
| para- | beside, beyond, after, near, apart from |
| -para | to bear, bring forth, live births |
| -paresis | weakness |
| -pareunia | sexual intercourse |
| -parous | to bear, bring forth |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| -partum | birth, labor |
| path/o | disease, abnormal condition |
| -pathy | disease |
| pect/o, pector/o | chest |
| ped/o, pedia- | child, foot |
| pelv/l | pelvis bone |
| -penia | lack, deficiency |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| per- | by, through, excessively |
| peri- | around |
| pericardi/o | pericardium, membrane surrounding the heart |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| pexy | fixation |
| phag/o | to eat, to injest |
| -phagia, -phag/o | eating, swallowing |
| pharyng/o | pharynx |
| -phasia | speaking, ability to talk |
| phil/o | like, love, attraction to |
| -phil, -philic, philia | to be fond of, to like (have an affinity for) |
| phleb/o | vein |
| -phobia | an exaggerated fear |
| phon/o, -phonia | voice, sound |
| -phoresis | carrying, transmission |
| phot/o | light |
| phren/o | diaphragm, ,mind |
| physi/o | nature, function |
| -physis, phys/o | to grow |
| pil/o | hair, resembling hair |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland |
| -plasia | development, formation |
| -plakia | plaque |
| plas/o | development, formation |
| -plasty | surgical repair or reshaping |
| -plegia | paralysis, palsy |
| -plegic | paralysis, palsy |
| pleur/o | serous membrane covering the lung and lining the chest cavity |
| -pnea | breathing, respiration |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o | lung, air, gas |
| pod-, pod/o | foot |
| -poiesis | making, forming |
| -poietin | substance that forms |
| poikil/o | varied, irregular |
| polio- | gray |
| poly- | many, much |
| pont/o | pons, a part of the brain |
| -porosis | condition of pores (spaces) |
| post- | after, behind |
| -praxia | action |
| -prandial | meal |
| pre- | before, in front of, prior to |
| presby/o | old age |
| primi- | first |
| pro- | before, in front of |
| proct/o | rectum |
| prostat/o | prostate gland |
| prote/o | protein |
| pseudo- | false |
| psych/o | mind |
| -ptosis | falling, sagging, dropping, down |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| py/o | pus |
| pyel/o | kidney pelvis |
| pyl/o, pylor/o | pylorus, pyloric sphincter |
| quadri- | four |
| radi/o | emission of rays or radiation |
| radicul/o | nerve root |
| re- | again, backward |
| rect/o | rectum |
| ren/o | kidney |
| reticul/o | network |
| retin/o | retina |
| retro- | backward, behind |
| rhin/o | nose |
| -rrhage, -rrhagia | excessive flow |
| -rrhaphy | stitching, suturing |
| -rrhea | profuse flow, discharge |
| salping/o | eustachian tube, uterine tube |
| -salpinx | fallopian tube, oviduct |
| sangui/o | blood |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| scler/o, sclerosis | hardness, hardening |
| scoli/o | twisted, crooked |
| -scope | examination instrument |
| -scopy | examination using a scope |
| scot/o | darkness |
| scrot/o | scrotum |
| seb/o | sebum |
| sebace/o | sebum |
| semin, semin/l, semin/o | semen, seed |
| semi- | half, partial, mild |
| sial/o | saliva |
| sialaden/o | salivary gland |
| sider/o | iron |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| sinus/o | sinus |
| somat/o | body |
| son/o | sound |
| -spasm, spasm/o | sudden contraction of muscles |
| splen/o | spleen |
| sperm/o, spermat/o | sperm |
| spher/o | round, globe-shaped |
| -sphyxia | pulse |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| spin/o | spine (backbone) |
| spondyl/o | vertabra (backbone) |
| staped/o | stapes (middle ear bone) |
| -stasis | maintence, maintaining a constant level |
| stat/o | stop, stand still, remain at rest |
| steat/o | fat, sebum |
| sten/o, -stenosis | narrow, constriction, contracted |
| ster/o | solid structures, steroid |
| stern/o | sternum |
| steth/o | chest |
| sthen/o, -sthenia | strength |
| stomat/o | mouth |
| -stomy, -ostomy | creation of an opening |
| sub- | under, beneath |
| sud/o, sudor/o | sweat |
| super- | above, over, excess |
| supra- | above, over |
| sym- | together, with |
| syn- | together, with |
| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short, faint |
| synov/o | synovia, synovial membrane, sheath around a tendon |
| syring/o | fistula, tube, cavity |
| tachy-, tach/o | fast, rapid |
| tarso- | eyelid, foot |
| tax/o, -taxia, -taxis | order, arrangement |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon |
| tens/o | stretch, pull |
| tens/o, tension | pressure |
| terat/o | monster, malformed fetus |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| tel/o | complete |
| tele/o | distant |
| the/o | put, place |
| thec/o | sheath |
| thel/o | nipple |
| test/o | testis, testicle |
| tetra- | four |
| therm/o, -thermy | heat |
| thorac/o | chest |
| -thorax | chest (pleural cavity) |
| thromb/o | clot, thrombus |
| thyr/o, throid/o | thyroid gland |
| -tocia | labor, condition of birth |
| toc/o | labor, birth |
| -tome | instrument to cut |
| -tomy, -otomy | incision, process of cutting into |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| toxic-, toxic/o | poison, poisonous |
| tox/o | poison |
| trache/o | trachea (windpipe) |
| trans- | across, through |
| -tresia | opening |
| tri- | three |
| trich/o | hair |
| trigon/o | trigone (area within the bladder) |
| -tripsy | to crush |
| thromb/o | clot |
| -tropin | stimulate, act on |
| troph/o, -trophy | nutrition, nourishment, development |
| -tropia | to turn |
| -tropic | turning toward, influencing, changing |
| tympan/o | tympanic membrane (eardrum), middle ear |
| -ule | small, little |
| ultra- | beyond or excessive |
| -um | structure, thing, tissue |
| umbilic/o | umbilicus (navel) |
| uni- | one |
| -uresis | urination |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| uter/o | uterus (womb) |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| -uria | condition of the urine, urine |
| urin/o | urine |
| ur/o | urine, urinary tract, urination |
| -us | structure, thing |
| uve/o | uvea, vascular layer of the eye (iris, choroid, and ciliary body) |
| vag/o | vagus nerve |
| valv/o, valvul/o | valve |
| vas/o | vessel, duct, vas deferens |
| ven/o | vein |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (lower chamber of the heart) |
| -version | to turn |
| vertebr/o | spine, vertebrae (backbone) |
| vesic/o | urinary bladder |
| vesicul/o | seminal vesicle |
| vestibul/o | vestibule of the inner ear |
| viscer/o | internal organs |
| vitre/o | vitreous body of the eye |
| vulv/o | vulva (female external genitalia) |
| xanth/o | yellow |
| xen/o | stranger, foreigner |
| xer/o | dryness, dry |
| xiph/o | sword shaped |
| -y | condition, process of |
| zo/o | animal life |
| abdomen | abdomin/o (use with -al, -centesis) celi/o (use with -ac) lapar/o (use with -scope, -scopy, -tomy) |
| abnormal | dys-, par-, para- |
| above | epi-, hyper-, supra- |
| acid | oxy- |
| across | trans- |
| action | -praxia |
| after | post- |
| again | re- |
| against | anti-, contra- |
| air | aer/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o |
| all | pan- |
| animal life | zo/o |
| ankle | tars/o |
| anxiety | anxi/o |
| apart | ana- |
| appetite | -orexia |
| arm | brachi/o |
| assemble | -agon |
| away from | ab-, apo-, ex-, exo- |
| back | re-, retro- |
| bad | cac/o, dys-, mal- |
| bear (to) | -para, -parous, -phoria, phor/o |
| before | ante-, pre-, pro-, pros- |
| beginning | -arche |
| behind | post-, poster/o, retro- |
| below, beneath | hypo-, infra-, sub- |
| beside | para- |
| bent | ankyl/o, scoli/o |
| bend (to) | flex/o |
| between | inter- |
| beyond | hyper-, meta-, ultra- |
| birth | nat/l, -partum, toc/o, -tocia |
| black | anthrac/o, melan/o |
| blood | hem/o (use with -dialysis, -globin, -lysis, philia, -ptysis, -rrhage, -stasis, -stat) hemat/o (use with -crit, -emesis, -logist, -logy, oma, poiesis, -uria) |
| blue | cyan/o |
| body | corpor/o, somat/o, -some |
| bone | oste/o |
| brain | encephal.o, cerebr/o |
| break | -clasis, -clast |
| breast | mamm/o (use with -ary, -gram, -graphy, -plasty) mast/o (use with -algia, -dynia, -ectomy, -itis) |
| breathe | spir/o |
| breathing | -pnea |
| burn | caus/o, cauter/o |
| calcium | calc/o, calci/o |
| cancerous | carcin/o |
| carbon dioxide | capn/o, -capnia |
| carry | duct/o, -ferent, -phoria |
| carrying | -phoresis |
| cartilage | chondr/o |
| cast, throw | bol/o |
| cause | eti/o |
| cecum (a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines) | cec/o |
| cell | cyt/o, -cyte |
| cells (condition of) | cytosis |
| cerebrum | cerebr/o |
| change | meta- |
| cheek | bucc/o |
| chemical | chem/o |
| chest | pector/o, steth/o, thorac/o, -thorax |
| child | ped/o |
| chin | ment/o |
| cholesterol | cholesterol/o |
| circle or cycle | cycl/o |
| clavicle or collar bone | clavicul/o |
| clot | thromb/o |
| clumping | agglutin/o |
| coal dust | anthrac/o |
| coccyx | coccyg/o |
| cold | cry/o |
| colon | col/o (use with -ectomy, -itis, -pexy, -tomy) colon/o (use with -ic, -pathy, -scope, scopy) |
| color | chrom/o |
| complete | dia-, tel/o |
| condtion | -ation, -ema, -esis, -ia, -ism, -sis, -y |
| condtion, abnormal | -iasis, -osis |
| connective tissue | sarc/o |
| constant | home/o |
| contraction | -stalsis |
| contraction of muscles (sudden) | -spasm |
| crooked | ankyl/o, scoli/o |
| crush (to) | -tripsy |
| curve | lord/o, cis/o, sect/o, -section, tom/o |
| cutting (process of) | -tomy |
| dance | hore/o |
| defecation | -chezia |
| deficient | hypo- |
| destroy | -lytic |
| destruction | -lysis |
| development | plas/o, -plasia, troph/o, -trophy |
| difficult | dys- |
| digestion | -pepsia |
| dilation | -ectasia, -ectasis |
| discharge | -rrhea |
| disease | nos/o, path/o, -pathy |
| distant | dist/o. tel/o |
| double | dipl/o |
| down | cata-, de- |
| drug | chem/o, pharmac/o. pharmaceutic/o |
| duct | vas/o |
| ear | aur/o (use with -al, icle) auricul/o (use with -ar) ot/o (use with -algia, -ic, -itis, -logy, -mycosis, -rrhea, -sclerosis, -scope, -scopy) |
| ear (condition of) | -otia |
| eardrum | myring/o (use with -ectomy, -itis, -tomy) tympan/o (use with -ic, -metry, -plasty) |
| eat | phag/o, -phage |
| eating | -phagia |
| egg cell | o/o, ov/o. ovul/o |
| elbow | olecran/o |
| embryonic | -blast |
| enlargement | -megaly |
| enzyme | -ase |
| equal | -iso |
| excess | ultra- |
| excessive | hyper- |
| excision | -ectomy |
| expansion | -ectasia, -ectasis |
| extreme point, extremities | acr/o |
| eye | ocul/o (use with -ar, -facial, -motor) opthalm/o (use with -ia, -ic, -logist, -logy, -pathy, -plasty, -plegia, -scope, -scopy) opt/o (use with -ic, -metrist) optic/o (use with -al, -ian) |
| face | faci/o |
| false | pseudo- |
| far | dist/o |
| fast | tachy- |
| fat | adip/o (use with -ose, -osis) lip/o (use with -ase, -cyte, - genesis, -oid, -oma) steat/o (use with -oma, -rrhea) |
| fear | phob/o. -phobia |
| feeling | esthesi/o, -phoria |
| female | estr/o (use with -gen, -genic) gynec/o (use with -logist, -logy, -mastia) |
| femur | femor/o |
| fever | pyr/o, pyret/o, pyrex/o |
| fibula | fibul/o (use with -ar) perone/o (use with -al) |
| finger/toe bones | phalang/o |
| fixation | -pexy |
| flesh | sarc/o |
| flow | rrhea |
| fluid collection | -oma |
| flushed | erythem/o |
| foot | pod/o |
| foot bones | metatars/o |
| form | morph/o |
| formation | plas/o, -plasia, -plasm, -poiesis, -genesis |
| forward | ante-, pro-, pros- |
| four | quadri- |
| front | anter/o |
| full of | -ose |
| fungus | fung/i (use with -cide, -oid, -ous, -stasis) |
| gallbladder | cholecyst/o |
| given (what is) | -dote |
| gland | aden/o |
| glomerulus | glomerul/o |
| glucose | gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o |
| glue | gli/o, coll/a |
| good | eu- |
| gray | glauc/o |
| green | chlor/o |
| groin | inguin/o |
| grow | -physis |
| half | hemi-, semi- |
| hand | chir/o |
| hard | scirrh/o, kerat/o |
| hardening | -sclerosis |
| head | cephal/o |
| hearing | acous/o, audi/o, -cusis, audit/o, -acusis |
| heart | cardi/o |
| heat | therm/o, cauter/o |
| heel bone | calcane/o |
| hernia | -cele, herni/o |
| hidden | crypt/o |
| hip | pelv/i |
| hold back | isch/o |
| humpback | kyph/o |
| ileum | ile/o |
| ilium | ili/o |
| immature | -blast |
| in, into | em-, en-, endo-, in-, ir-, intra- |
| in front of | pre- |
| incomplete | atel/o |
| increase in numbers | -cytosis |
| infection | seps/o |
| inferior to | infra- |
| inflammation | -itis |
| instrument of recording | graph |
| instrument of visual inspection | -scope |
| internal organs | viscer/o |
| intestine (large) | col/o |
| intestine (small) | enter/o |
| irregular | poikil/o |
| itching | pruritis |
| jaw (lower) | mandibul/o |
| jaw (upper) | maxill/o |
| joint | arthr/o, articul/o |
| kidney | nephr/o (use with -algia, -ectomy, -ic, -itis, -lith, -megaly, -oma, -osis, -pathy, -ptosis, -sclerosis, -stomy, -tomy) ren/o (use with -al, -gram) |
| killing | -cidal, -cide |
| knowledge | gnos/o |
| labor | partum, toc/o, -tocia |
| lack of strength | -asthenia |
| lacrimal duct | dacryocyst/o |
| large | mega-, macro- |
| lens of eye | phac/o, phak/o |
| less | -de |
| life | bi/o |
| lip | cheil/o, labi/o |
| little | -ole, ule |
| liver | hepat/o |
| location | top/o |
| loin | lumb/o |
| lung | pneum/o (use with -thorax, -coniosis, -coccus) pneumon/o (use with -ectomy, -ia, -ic, -itis, -lysis) pulmon/o (use with -ary) |
| lymph gland | lymphaden/o |
| male | andr/o |
| many | poly-, multi |
| mass | -oma |
| meal | cib/o, -prandial |
| measure | -meter, metr/o |
| meatus | meat/o |
| menstruation | men/o |
| midwife | obstetr/o |
| milk | galact/o |
| mind | psych/o, ment/o |
| mouth | or/o, stomat/o |
| muscle | muscul/o, my/o |
| muscle (smooth) | leiomy/o |
| muscle (skeletal) | rhabdomy/o |
| muzzle | phim/o |
| nail | onych/o, ungu/o |
| narrowing | -constriction, -stenosis |
| navel | omphal/o |
| near | para-, proxim/o |
| network | reticul/o |
| network of nerves | plex/o |
| night | noct/i, nyct/o |
| nipple | thel/o |
| no, not | a-. an- |
| non | nulli- |
| nourishment | troph/o, -trophy |
| nucleus | kary/o, nucle/o |
| numbness | narc/o |
| old age | presby/o, ger/o |
| one | mono-, uni- |
| one's own | aut/o, auto- |
| one who | -er, -or |
| opening | -tresia |
| opposite | contra- |
| orange-yellow | cirrh/o |
| order | norm/o, tax/o |
| other than | par- |
| out | ec-, ex-, exo-, extra- |
| outer region | cortic/o |
| ovary | ovari/o, oophor/o |
| oxygen | oxo, -oxia |
| pain | -algia, -dynia, odyn/o |
| pain (sensitivity to) | -algesia |
| palsy | -plegia |
| paralysis | -plegia |
| penis | balan/o, phall/o |
| people | dem/o |
| pertaining to | -ac, -al, -an, -ar, -ary, -eal, -ical, -ose |
| physician | iatr/o |
| pituitary gland | hypophys/o, pituitar/o |
| place | -stasis |
| plant | phyt/o |
| pleural cavity | -thorax |
| poison | tox/o |
| pores (condition of) | -porosis |
| pregnancy | -cyesis |
| pressure | -tension |
| process | -ation, -ion, -ism |
| produced by or in | -genic |
| protection | immun/o |
| pulse | sphygm/o |
| puncture to remove fluid | -centesis |
| pupil | cor/o, core/o |
| put in place | -pexy |
| rapid | oxy- |
| rays | radi/o |
| relaxation | -chalasia |
| removal | -apheresis |
| repair | -plasty |
| resembling | -oid |
| rib | cost/o |
| rosy | erythr/o |
| saliva | sial/o |
| sameness | home/o |
| scaly | ichthy/o |
| secrete | -crine, crin/o |
| seizure | lepsy |
| semen | semin/i |
| sensation, nervous | -esthesia |
| separation | -lysis |
| severe | acul/o |
| sheath | thec/o |
| shield | thry/o |
| shin bone | tibi/o |
| side | later/o |
| sieve | ethm/o |
| skin | cutane/o, derm/o, -derma |
| skull | crani/o |
| sleep (deep) | comat/o |
| slide (to) | -lapse |
| slipping | -lithesis |
| sodium | natr/o |
| specialist | -ist |
| speech | phas/o |
| sperm | sperm/o |
| spinal cord | myel/o |
| spitting | -ptysis |
| split | -fida |
| starch | amyl/o |
| stomach | gastr/o |
| structure | -um, -ium |
| substance | -in, -ine |
| substance that forms | -poietin |
| surrounding | -peri |
| swallowing | -phago |
| swayback (curve) | lord/o |
| sweat | diaphor/o, hidr/o |
| tail | caud/o |
| tailbone | coccyg/o |
| tear (to cut) | -spadia |
| testis | orchi/o, orch/o, orchid/o |
| thigh | femur |
| thin | lept/o |
| thirst | dips/o |
| through | dia-, per-, trans- |
| throw (to) | bol/o |
| tie together | -desis |
| tightening | -stenosis |
| tissue | hist/o |
| tongue | gloss/o, lingu/o |
| tooth | dent/i, odont/o |
| toward | ad- |
| tumor | -oma, onc/o |
| turn | -tropia |
| two | bi- |
| tympanic membrane | myring/o, tympan/o |
| ulcer | aphth/o |
| umbilicus (navel) | omphal/o |
| unequal | anis/o |
| unknown | idi/o |
| up | ana- |
| ureter | ureter/o |
| urethra | urethr/o |
| urea | azot/o |
| urinary tract | ur/o |
| uterus | hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o |
| vagina | colp/o,vagin/o |
| vein | phleb/o, ven/o |
| ventricle | ventricul/o |
| vessel | angi/o, vas/o |
| vision | -opia, -opsia, opt/o, optic/o |
| voice | phon/o, -phonia |
| water | aque/o, hydr/o |
| watery flow | rheumat/o |
| wide | mydr/o |
| widening | -dilation, -ectasis, -eurysm |
| with | con- |
| within | en-, endo-. intra- |
| woman | gynec/o |
| word | -lexia |
| work | erg/o |
| wrist bone | carpal |
| yellow | lute/o, jaund/o. xanth/o |
Created by:
wea.kimberly
Popular Anatomy sets