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What are the four vital life functions? List by order of priority
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What is the most common cause of Jugular Vein Distention in COPD patients?
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PT Assessment Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four vital life functions? List by order of priority | 1. Ventilation, 2. Oxygenation, 3. Circulation, 4. Perfusion |
| What is the most common cause of Jugular Vein Distention in COPD patients? | Right heart failure (cor pulmonale) |
| What is capillary refill used to assess? | Peripheral circulation |
| What causes barrel chest? | Chronic air trapping |
| What is the normal AP diameter ratio? | 1:2 |
| What is the AP ratio for a barrel chest patient? | 1:1 |
| Increased depth of breathing | Hyperpnea |
| Normal breathing | Eupnea |
| RR>20 | Tachypnea |
| Fast, deep respirations with abrupt pauses | Biot's |
| Breathing gradually increases then decreases in rate and depth, followed by period of apnea | Cheyne-Stokes |
| Cessation of breathing | Apnea |
| Increased rate and depth of breathing; usually associated with diabetic ketoacidosis | Kussmaul's |
| Deep, gasping inspiration with brief, partial expiration | Apneustic |
| Decreased depth of breathing | Hypopnea |
| RR<12 | Bradypnea |
| An infant shows signs of nasal flaring, grunting, and has intercostal retractions. What does this indicate? | Respiratory distress |
| What are the primary muscles of ventilation? | Diaphragm and External Intercostals |
| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? | Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius |
| What are the accessory muscles of expiration? | Internal Intercostals, Rectus Abdominal, Transversus Abdominals, Obliques (External and Internal) |
| What muscle(s) is/are used for passive expiration? | None |
| Thick sputum | Viscous |
| Hemoptysis | Bright red |
| Clear and translucent sputum | Normal |
| Pulmonary edema | Pink and frothy |
| Mucus with pus (clear with yellow) | Mucopurulent |
| Foul smelling sputum | Fetid |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Green, foul smelling |
| Old blood in sputum | Brown/ dark |
| WBCs in sputum, bacterial infection | Yellow |
| Clear and thick sputum | Mucoid |
| Stagnant sputum or gram negative bacteria | Green |
| Klebsiella pneumonia | Red, jelly like |
| Stick, adhesive sputum | Tenacious |
| Sputum containing pus | Purulent |
| Creaking leather sound caused by pleuritis | Pleural friction rub |
| Vesicular sounds of low intensity in the lung periphery | Diminished |
| Associated with atelectasis or secretions in the peripheral airways | Crackles (rales) |
| Normally heard over the mainstem bronchi | Bronchovesicular |
| Hollow, tubular sound heard mainly over the trachea | Bronchial (Tracheal) |
| High pitched, continuous sounds with a musical quality heard on inspiration and/or expiration; caused by bronchoconstriction | Wheezing |
| Loud, high pitched crowing sound heard during inspiration caused by upper airway edema | Stridor |
| Rustling sound heard throughout lung periphery | Vesicular |
| Gurgling, bubbling sound caused by thick secretions in the large airways; usually clears with a cough | Rhonchi |
| List two causes of tachycardia | Hypoxemia, stress/ anxiety |
| List two causes of bradycardia | Heart failure, shock |
| List the normal breath sounds | Brachial, Vesicular, Bronchovesicular |
| List the adventitious breath sounds | Diminished, Crackles (rales), Rhonchi, Wheezing, Bronchial heard over lung periphery, Pleural friction rub, Stridor |
| At what point during the breath are fine crackles normally heard? | End of inspiration |
| List the common pulse sites and their locations | Radial (wrist, thumb side), Brachial (bend of the arm), Carotid (neck), Femoral (groin), Apical (chest) |
| What is the normal value for Potassium? | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
| What is the normal value for Bicarbonate? | 22-26 mEq/L |
| What is the normal value for Chloride? | 80-100 mEq/L |
| What is the normal value for Sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L |
| What is the normal value for RBCs? | 4-6 million/ mm3 |
| What is the normal value for WBCs? | 5k-10k/ mm3 |
| What is the normal value for Hemoglobin (Hgb)? | 12-16g/dL |
| What is the normal value for Hematocrit (Hct)? | 40-50% |
| What is the normal value for Platelets? | 150k-400k/ mm3 |
| What is the normal value for SpO2? | 93-97% |
| What is the normal HR? | 60-100 BPM |
| What is the normal RR? | 12-20 BPM |
| What is the normal blood pressure? | 120/80 mmHg |
| What is the normal body temperature? | 37* C (98.6* F) |
| What type of chest pain is centrally located and constant? | Non-pleuritic |
| What type of chest pain is typically increased on inspiration? | Pleuritic |
| What type of chest pain is associated with Pleuritis? | Pleuritic |
| What type of chest pain is associated with Pneumothorax? | Pleuritic |
| What type of chest pain is associated with Pericardial inflammation? | Non-pleuritic |
| What type of chest pain is associated with Myocardial Infarction? | Non-pleuritic |
| What type of chest pain is associated with Pleural effusion? | Pleuritic |
| What conditions increase the intensity and clarity of vocal fermitus, as with bronchophony and whispered pectoriolquy? | Consolidation, pneumonia |
| In normal lungs, the phrase "ninety nine" or "blue moon" would sound | Muffled |
| In normal lungs, the phrase "1,2,3", when whispered would sound | Muffled |
| With egophany, what condition would change an "ee" sound to an "ay" sound, similar to bleating a goat? | Consolidation, pneumonia |
| What conditions would decrease vocal fremitus? | Obstructed bronchi, pneumothorax, emphysema |
| What conditions decrease tactile fremitus? | Large pleural effusion, large pneumothorax, hyperinflation (air trapping), atelectasis |
| What conditions increase tactile fremitus? | Pneumonia |
| Difficulty breathing while lying down | Orthopnea |
| General term for difficulty breathing | Dyspnea |
| Profuse sweating | Diaphoresis |
| Excess fluid in the tissues | Peripheral edema |
| Above normal body temp | Hyperthermia |
| Below normal body temp | Hypothermia |
| General run down feeling | Malaise |
| Enlargement of terminal phalanges of fingers and toes due to chronic hypoxemia | Digital clubbing |
| Unequal expansion of the chest | Asymmetrical |
| Both sides of the chest move evenly | Symmetrical |
| What percussion note would you hear over trapped gas in the lungs or in the pleural space? | Hyperresonance |
| What percussion note would you hear over normal lung tissue? | Resonance |
| What percussion note would you hear over atelectasis or consolidation? | Dullness |
| What percussion note would you hear over fluid in the pleural space? | Dullness |
| What type of cyanosis is seen in the nailbeds of the fingers and toes? | Peripheral |
| What type of cyanosis is seen in the oral mucosa and is urgent? | Central |
| Name three things that might cause an irregular pulse | Inadequate blood flow, inadequate O2 supply to the heart, electrolyte imbalance |
Created by:
ashconrad417
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