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A&P Module 5 & 6
Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are bone functions? | Shape, Support,Protection,Movement,Electrolyte balance,blood production and Acid base balance. |
| What are flat bones? | They are thin,flat, often curved bones;they protect organs and provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles. |
| What are the parts of a long bone? | Medullary cavity, Endosteum,Bone marrow, Periosteum and Diaphysis. |
| What is Diaphysis? | hollow cylinder made of compact bone; gives the bone strength;central,shaft -like portion of a long bone. |
| What is Articular cartilage? | covers the epiphysis; eases the movement of the bone within a joint. |
| What is red bone marrow? | fills the medullary cavity in children; in adults, most marrow has turned to yellow marrow. |
| What is bone tissue? (Matrix) | consists of collagen fibers and crystalline salts ( calcium and phosphate). The matrix of the bone is hard and calcified. |
| What allows bones to resist strong squeezing forces? | Calcium Salts |
| What does red marrow do? | produces red blood cells. |
| What is yellow marrow? | saturated with fat and no longer produces blood cells. |
| What does yellow marrow do ? | replaces red bone marrow overtime and incase of severe blood loss, yellow marrow can change back into red marrow. |
| What is the first skeleton in a developing fetus composed of ? | cartilage and fibrous connective tissue . |
| What are classifications of bone development? | Intramembranous and Endochondral ossification. |
| What is Endochondral Ossification? | most bones evolve from cartilage. After 3 months gestation, the fetus has a skeleton composed mostly of cartilage. |
| What is Intramembranous Ossification? | Allow for safe compression of the fetus' head while passing through the birth canal. |
| What age is the brain completely ossified? | Age 2. |
| What are Fontanels? | Soft spots in parts of the newborns skull. |
| What are the vitamins and minerals needed for proper bone growth? | Calcium, Phosphorous and vitamins A,C and D. |
| What is a green stick Fracture? | The fracture is incomplete? |
| What is comminuted fracture? | The bone is broken into pieces. |
| How long does an uncomplicated fracture take to heal? | 8-12 weeks |
| How many bones does the adult skeleton have? | 206 bones |
| Head | prominent expanded end of a one |
| Trochanter | large process; found only in the femur. |
| Tuberosity | a rough, raised bump; for muscle attachment. |
| Foramen | a round opening; passageway for vessels and nerves. |
| Meatus | a tube-like opening |
| Condyle | a rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint. |
| How many bones does the axial skeleton have? | 80 bones |
| What makes up the axial skeleton? | skull, spine, thorax (ribs) |
| What do the 4 pairs of sinuses do? | they lighten the skull and act as a resonators for sound production. |
| What is kyphosis? | hunchback, thoracic curve. |
| What is Xiphoid process? | provides an attachment point for some abdominal muscles and is an important landmark for CPR. |
| What is the acromion process? | It is an extension of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle. |
| What is the scapula? | the shoulder blade |
| What is the humerus? | the long bone of the upper arm. |
| What is the radius? | one of the two bones of the lower arm; located on the thumb side. |
| What does the phalanges do? | forms the fingers |
| What do the metacarpals do? | they form the palm of the hand. |
| what do the carpals do? | form the wrist. |
| What is true pelvis in a female? | wide and shallow |
| What is true pelvis in a male? | narrow and deep |
| Females have a larger what than males? | pelvic and pubic arch |
| What is the femur? | It is the longest and strongest bone in the body. |
| What does the femur do? | It articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form a ball-and-joint socket joint. |
| What is the patella? | it is known as the kneecap; a triangular sesamoid bone embedded it the tendon of the knee |
| What is the fibula? | it is the slinder bone of the lower leg;helps stabilize the ankle; does not bear any weight; the distal end forms the lateral malleolus of the ankle. |
| What is synovial fluid? | a slippery viscous fluid with the consistency of an egg white. |
| What does synovial fluid do ? | it lubricates the joint, nourishes the cartilage and contains phagocytes to remove debris. |
| What is articular cartilage? | a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bone surfaces; it permits friction-free movements. |
| What is a pivot joint? | It is formed by the 1 and 2 cervical vertebrae ; allows bones to rotate. |
| What does the hinge joint do ? | It allows only back and forth movements. (ex:Elbow) |
| What is gliding joint? | 2 relatively flat bone surfaces that slide over each other. (Ex: tarsal bones of the ankle) |
| What is a ball and socket joint? | Ball shapes head of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone, it offers the widest range of motion of all joints. (Ex: shoulder and hips) |
| what is a saddle joint? | the surfaces of both bones are shaped like the surface of a saddle, when perched on top of each other they move back and forth and from side to side. It is found only in the thumbs. |
| What is condyloid joint? | Oval convex surface of one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another. (EX: distal end of radius with the carpal bones of the wrist.) |
| What do movements of synovial joints depend on? | the shape of the joint and the involvement of nearby muscles,tendons and ligaments. |
| What attaches muscles to bones? | tendons |
| What attaches bones to bones? | Ligaments |
| Flexion | involves bonding a joint to decrease the angle of the joint. |
| Extension | involves straightening a joint to increase the angle between the bones. |
| hypertension | is the extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position. |
| What happens in circumduction? | the distal end of an appendage, such as the arm or leg, moves in a circle. |
| Dorsiflexion | involves moving the toes upward. |
| Plantar flexion | involves moving the toes downward toward the plantar surface. |
| Abduction | movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. |
| Adduction | movement of a body part toward the midline of the body. |
| Supination | movement that turns palm upward. |
| Pronation | movement that turns palm downward. |
| What is the shoulder? | it is a ball-and-socket joint. It has the greatest range of motionof any joint. |
| What joint is most likely to dislocate? | the shoulder |
| What is scoliosis? | spines curves to the side. |
| What is Kyphosis? | exaggerated thoracic curvature |
| What is lordosis? | exaggerated lumbar curvature |
| What are the 3 types of muscle? | cardiac,smooth and skeletal |
| What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle? | involuntary, appears striped or striated and found only in the heart. |
| What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? | involuntary, nonstriated, found in the digestive tract,blood vessels, bladder, airways and uterus. |
| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? | voluntary, appears markedly striated and attached to the bone and causes movement of the body. |
| what is the epimysium? | layer of connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole and binds all the muscle fibers together. |
| How does the muscle attach to the bone ? | by tendons |
| What are tendons? | strong cords of fibrous connective tissue. |
| What requires stimulation by a motor neuron? | skeletal muscle contraction |
| What is muscle tone? | It is a continuous state of partial muscle contraction in which muscles are at their optimal resting length. |
| What is the threshold? | the minimum voltage needed to cause muscle fiber contraction |
| What is incomplete tetanus? | the condition of rapid contraction with only partial relaxation. |
| What uses anaerobic respiration of glucose? | sprinter |
| What does sprinter do ? | can generate energy quickly- useful for intense bursts of activity |
| What is the prime mover? | the main muscle triggering the movement. |
| What is atrophy? | a lack of use causes the muscle fibers and therefore the entire muscle to shrink. |
| What are muscles named according to? | size,shape,location, number of origins,direction of muscle fibers and actions. |
| What does bi mean? | two origins-biceps brachii |
| What does frontalis do? | raises the eyebrows when glancing upward or when showing surprise. |
| What do the sternocleidomastoid do? | flexes the head |
| What muscles are used for breathing? | external and internal intercostals and the diaphragm. |
| What does the external intercostals do ? | elevate the ribs during inspiration. |
| What does internal intercostals do? | depress the ribs during forced exhalation. |
| What does the diaphragm do? | enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration. |
| What is rectus abdominis? | bending at the waist. |
| What is the deltoid do? | abducts,flexes and rotates the arm; involved in swinging the arm. |
| What does the pectoralis major do? | flexes and adducts the upper arm; such as when climbing or hugging. |
| What does the Trapezius do? | raises and lowers the shoulders; stabilizes the scapula during the arm movements. |
| What does the latissimus dorsi do? | adducts the humerus; extends the upper arm backward such as when rowing or swimming) |
| What is brachialis? | It is the prime mover when flexing the forearm. |
| What is the triceps brachii? | It is the prime mover when extending forearm. |
| What is the sartorius? | longest muscle in the body; aids in the flexion of the hip and knee. |
| What is the quadriceps femoris? | most powerful muscle in the body. |
| What does the bulging of the calf muscle consist of? | Gastrocnemius ( the more superficial muscle) and the soleus( deeper muscle) |
| What flexes the lumbar region of the spinal cord? | Rectus Abdominis |
| What raises and lowers the shoulders? | trapezius |
| What is the prime mover when extending the forearm? | Triceps brachii |
Created by:
laciewillis13
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