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NAU A&P 22
NAU A&P Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| External organs of the male reproductive system: | Scrotum and Penis |
| Internal Organs of the male reproductive organs: | Epididymis, Vans (Ductus) Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland and Bulbourethral Glands |
| 2 primary, ovid sex glands, suspended outside the lower abdominal wall by spermatic cords, through the inguinal canal within the scrotum and holds the ambient temperature for sperm. | Testes |
| Coiled or twisted set of tubules located within each testes which form sperm that are lined with specialized stratified epithelium | Seminiferous Tubules |
| A tightly coiled, comma shaped, threadlike organ on the posterior aspect of each testis which allows for maturation of the non-motile sperm to a motile form, inner lining is composed of pseudostratified columnar cells | Epididymis |
| Continuation of the muscular tube from lower end of the epididymis, passing upwardly & medially to the testis into the abdominal cavity, backward & medially into the pelvic cavity to where it ends behind the urinary bladder at the ampulla | Vas Deferens or Ductus Deferens |
| Fusion of the Vas or Ductus Deferens after it slims down past the ampulla and the duct leading from the seminal vesicle, which passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra | Ejaculatory Duct |
| Saclike structures attached to vas deferens, near base of bladder, which secretes an alkaline fluid bath that helps neutralize the acidity of female, fructose that provides energy to sperm & prostalandins that stimulate muscular contraction in the female | Seminal Vesicles |
| A chestnut shaped structure that surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra just inferior to the bladder, secretes and alkaline fluid that also helps neutralize the female reproductive tract & aids in sperm motility. | Prostate Gland |
| 2 small structures that are located inferior to the prostate gland that functions to lubricate the end of the penis in preparation for intercourse and cleans remaining urine. | Bulbourethral Glands |
| A fibromuscular cord that functions to help the testes descend | Gubernaculum |
| A tear in the inguinal canal or musculature of the inguinal canal causes: | Inguinal hernia |
| A condition in which a testis does not descend and leads to infertility if untreated | Cryptochidism |
| A tough, white fibrous capsule that encloses a testis | Tunica Albuginea of males |
| The thickening of the tunica albuginea that extends into a testis | Mediastinum testis |
| Divides the testis into lobules | Septa |
| Seminiferous tubules contain these cells: | Spermatogenic cells, Sustentacular cells and Interstitial cells |
| Undifferentiated cells that upon hormone stimulation (LH, FSH, GRH) give rise to the formation of primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa | Spermatogenic cells |
| Columnar support cells that nourish and regulate spermatogenic cells | Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells |
| Cells between the Seminiferous tubules and secrete testosterone | Interstitial cells |
| A dilated portion of the Vas Deferens that is a superficial structure | Ampulla |
| Consists of sperm cells and secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands, sperm cells is about 120 million per milliliter | Semen |
| Makes up semen: | Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland and Bulbourethral glands |
| Makes up a sperm cell: | Head, Midpiece, Tail |
| Makes up the head of a sperm cell: | Acrosome and Nucleus |
| Tip of the head of sperm cell containing enzymes and hyaluronidase | Acrosome |
| Contains the 23 chromosomes in the head of the sperm cell | Nucleus |
| Facilitates sperm penetration into the egg | Hyaluronidase |
| Part of the sperm cell that contains mitochondria and provides ATP | Midpiece |
| Part of the sperm cell made up of flagellum which provides motility for the sperm | Tail |
| Consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue and smooth muscle fibers that helps regulate environmental temperatures for sperm viability. Is divided into 2 chambers lined with serous membranes to help the testes move freely within this | Scrotum |
| Cylindrical organ that conveys urine and semen through the urethra composed of a shaft of 3 columns of erectile tissue | Penis |
| The function of the penis: | To convey urine and semen through the urethra to the outside |
| Removal of the prepuce | Circumcision |
| Produced by parasympathetic nerve impulses that cause dilation of arteries leading to the penis. At the same time veins of the penis are compressed & blood accumulates in erectile tissue & the penis swells & elongates | Erection |
| Penis is composed of: | 2 columns of Corpora Cavernosa and one column of Spongiosum each column wrapped in tunica albuginea and surrounded by loose connective tissue and skin |
| The enlargement of the corpus spongiosum at its distal end | Glans penis |
| Tissue with internal spaces to be filled with blood, until the blood reaches the tunica albuginea which creates a stiffening effect | Corpora Cavernosa |
| The culmination of sexual stimulation and in the male is accompanied by emission and ejaculation. | Orgasm |
| The movement of sperm cells from the testes & secretions from the prostate gland & seminal vesicles into the urethra. | Emission |
| The forcing of semen through the urethra to the outside | Ejaculation |
| Hormonal control of the Male Reproductive Functions | Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin which in turn acts upon Anterior Pituitary which secretes LH & FSH which stimulates spermatogensis |
| Is secreted by the sustentacular cells, through negative feedback, inhibits the anterior pituitary from over secreting FSH. Inhibits continuing maturation of the cells. | Inhibin |
| Lipid soluble male sex hormones produced by the interstitial cells of the ledig or testes & in small amounts in the adrenal cortex. | Androgens |
| Functions in developing both primary & secondary male sexual characteristics and is controlled by age. | Testosterone |
| Internal organs of the female reproductive system: | Ovaries, Uterine or Fallopian Tubes, Uterus and Vagina |
| External organs of the female reproductive system: | Labia Majora, Labia Minora, Clitoris, Vestible and Vestibular or Bartholin's Glands |
| Solid, ovid organ that is the size of pinky finger, held in place by ligaments. Alternates in ovum production. Lies in shallow depressions on each side of the inferior wall of the pelvic cavity. | Ovaries |
| Channels that an carry ovum from the ovaries to the uterus | Uterine or Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts |
| Muscular holding chamber of the ova, the size of a fist if not distended, that attaches to the inside of the pelvic cavity with assistance of ligaments. Is generally tipped forward. | Uterus |
| A fibromuscular tube that extends from the uterus to the outside. Also known as the birth canal. | Vagina |
| The outer region of the ovary, consists of more compact tissue & has granular appearance due to ovarian follicles | Outer cortex |
| The inner region of the ovary, composed of loose connective tissue and contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers | Ovarian Medulla |
| Tiny masses of cells | Ovarian Follicles or Primary Follicles |
| A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that covers the free surface of the ovary | Germinal Epithelium |
| The ripening of an egg and forms: | Vesicular or Graafian follicle |
| After ovulation when the egg ruptures from the ovary, the ruptured follicle or leftover egg sac is called: | Corpus Luteum |
| As women age, the eggs become more sticky and fragile. When fertilization occurs, little or big parts of the egg can break off causing: | Down Syndrome |
| Covering lying beneath the cuboidal epithelium or germinal epithelium top layer in females. | Tunica Albuginea of females |
| Are free flowing and when fertilized are not always in the uterus and can be stuck in the fallopian tubes | Ova or Egg |
| 3 ligament anchors of the uterus: | Broad Ligament, Round Ligament and Suspensory Ligament |
| Ligament which attaches the ovaries, uterine tubes and lateral walls of the uterus to the pelvic walls | Broad Ligament |
| Ligament located within the broad ligament that connects the upper end of the uterus to the anterior pelvic wall | Round Ligament |
| Attaches uterus anteriorly to the back. Ligament responsible for lower back pain when pregnant. | Suspensory Ligament |
| Uterine wall consists of: | Endometrium, Myometrium and Parietal Perimetrium |
| Inner mucosal layer of the uterus, thickens in preparation for the ovum to shop up and be fertilized | Endometrium |
| Thick muscular middle layer of the uterus. Can causes cramping during menses | Myometrium |
| Outer serosal layer that covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix | Parietal Perimetrium |
| When the endometrial lining extends outside the uterus | Endometriosis |
| 2 expansion of uterine tubes: | Fimbriae and Infundibulum |
| Finger-like projections extending out from the infundibulum that function to sweep the ovum into the uterine tubes | Fimbriae |
| Funnel shaped opening close to ovaries, channels egg into the oviduct or fallopian tube | Infundibulum |
| The collective structures that surround the openings to the vagina & urethra | Vulva |
| Makes up the vulva: | Labia Majora, Labia Minora, Clitoris, Vestibule, Vestibular or Bartholin's Glands |
| Corresponds to the scrotum & are rounded folds of adipose tissue and a thin layer of smooth muscle containing: hairs, sebaceous and pseudoriferous glands | Labia Majora |
| Flattened longitudinal folds inside the majora which anteriorly converge to form a hood-like covering around the clitoris, medial to labia majora | Labia Minora |
| Small projection at the anterior end of the vulva between the labia minora which corresponds to the penis. It also consists of erectile tissue composed of 2 columns called Corpora Cavernosa | Clitoris |
| Lie on either side of the vaginal opening. Corresponds to the male Bulbourethral glands & also secrete mucous to aid in lubrication during intercourse | Vestibular or Bartholin's Glands |
| Space between the vagina and urethral openings | Vestibule |
| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions: Steps 1-3 | 1. Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin 2. Anterior Pituitary which secretes LH & FSH 3. Granulosa cells of the follicle produce and secrete estrogens |
| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions: Steps 4-5 | 4. Anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of LH which stimulates ovulation 5. Follicular cells become corpus luteum cells that secrete estrogens & progesterone |
| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions: Steps 6-7 | 6. If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates & no longer secretes estrogen & progesterone 7. Blood vessels in the endometrium constrict as concentrations of luteal hormones decline |
| Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions: Steps 8-10 | 8. Uterine lining disintegrates & sloughs off producing menesis 9. Anterior pituitary no longer inhibited produces FSH & LH 10. Cycle repeats |
| Granulosa cells of the follicle produce and secrete estrogens that do: | Maintain secondary sex characteristics and cause the endometrium to thicker |
| Follicular cells become corpus luteum cells that secrete estrogens and progesterone that do: | Estrogen continues to stimulate uterine wall development. Progesterone stimulate endometrium to become more glandular & vascular. Both inhibit secretions of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary utilizing inhibin, prevents another ovulation |
| Two successive cell divisions that result in haploid cells | Meiosis |
| Cell that contains half the normal chromosomes | Sperm cell or Ova cell |
| First Meiotic Division: | Interphase I, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I |
| Second Meiotic Division | Interphase II, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
| Period when the cell is carrying on normal metabolic functions and the DNA duplicates | Interphase I |
| Duplicated DNA condenses and the coil tightens, nucleus disappears, centrioles form the mitotic spindles | Prophase I |
| Lining up of the chromosomes along the middle of the spindle | Metaphase I |
| Separation of the duplicated chromosomes and migration to opposite ends of the cell | Anaphase I |
| Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms in each end of the cell and the cell begins to divide | Telophase I |
| Both daughter cells undergo this: | Second Meiotic Division |
| Chromosomes condenses and coil again | Prophase II |
| Lining up of the chromosomes along the middle of the spindle again | Metaphase II |
| Centromeres separate freeing chromatids to move to opposite ends of the spindle | Anaphase II |
| Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms in each end of the cells & the 2 cells each begin to divide forming 4 cells with half the chromosomes | Telophase II |
| Meiotic division in males is called: | Spermatogenesis |
| Meiotic division in females is called: | Oogenesis |
| After Mitosis in females what happens next: | Formation of primaryoocyte is arrested in prophaseI- MeiosisI. Completed by 1primary oocyte monthly causing secondaryoocyte arrested in metaphase2. If fertilization occurs, secondaryoocyte completed Meosis2 with 1fertilizedovum & 3 polar bodies degenerate |
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | AIDS, Genital Herpes, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea and Syphilis |
| STD's that affect the nervous system | Gonorrhea and Syphilis |
| Consists of milk glands and tissue: | Breasts |
| Flow chart for Sperm: | Seminiferous tubules of testes- Head of Epididymis-Body of Epididymis-Tail of Epididymis- Ductus or Vas Deferens-Ampulla of Vas Deferens-Ejaculatory Ducts-Prostatic Urethra-Penile Urethra-Glan Penis-Urethral Orifice-Outside |
| Flow chart of Ova: | Ovaries-Fimbriae-Infundibulum-Fallopian Tubes-Body of Uterus-Cervix-Vagina-Vaginal Opening-Outside |
| Regional divisions of the uterus: | Body, Fundus and Cervix |
| Upper 2/3 of the uterus: | Body of the Uterus |
| Top dome-shaped section between the uterine tubes, storage area for the fetus | Fundus |
| Lower 1/3 of uterus, what dilates for childbirth | Cervix |
Created by:
FKrouse
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