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Lab 47 & 48
A&P Lab 47 & 48 Blood vessels and Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sudden surge of blood that enters the arteries each time the ventricles of the heart contract (systole) causes what? | The elastic walls of these vessels to expand |
| As ventricles relax (diastole), what happens? | The arterial walls recoil |
| How are the alternating expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall be felt as? | Palpated (felt) as a pulse in any vessel that is near the surface of of body |
| What does the number of pulse expansions per minute correlates with? | The heart rate of cardiac cycles. |
| What is the left ventricles? | The systemic pumping chamber, and it is therefore responsible for the pulse wave and for the blood pressure in the arteries selected for these assessments. |
| What creates blood pressure? | The force exerted by the blood pressing against the inner walls of arteries. |
| What is systolic pressure? | The systemic arterial pressure reaches its maximum during contraction of the left ventricle |
| What is diastolic pressure? | When the blood pressure drops to its lowest level because the left ventricle relaxes when it fills with blood again. |
| How is blood pressure expressed as? | As a systolic pressure over diastolic pressure |
| What is a normal resting pressure? | 120/80 mm Hg or slightly lower |
| What is hypertension? | If pressures during resting conditions are too high |
| What is hypotension? | If pressure are too low during resting conditions |
| What is the difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure? | The pulse pressure |
| What does the pulse pressure indicate? | The force exerted upon the arteries from ventricular contraction and indicates general condition of the cardiovascular system |
| What would an expanded pulse pressure indicate? | Atherosclerosis and hypertension |
| When is blood pressure established by the heart no longer sufficient to return blood to the heart via the veins? | After blood passed through the capillaries. |
| What do the skeletal muscle pump of the limbs and the respiratory pump of the torso assist in? | Venous return. |
| What do the difference in pressure between the abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity assist in? | The movement of blood into the veins of the thoracic cavity and back into the heart. Result: more blood enters the heart and heart rate increases to pump additional blood. |
| When does less blood enter the heart? | During expiration, since the thoracic cavity volume decreases and its pressure increases. |
| In what ways do the strength of the pulse gives indication of blood pressure? | Under high blood pressure, pulse feels hard and strong; Under low blood pressure, pulse feels weak and easily compressed |
| What is cardiac output? | The volume of blood discharged from a ventricle in a minute. |
| What is the stroke volume? | The blood ejected from a single ventricle contraction (70 mL) |
| If either heart rate or stroke volume increases, what happens to cardiac output and blood pressure? | Cardiac output would increase as would blood pressure. |
| What influences blood pressure? | Blood volume. Because blood pressure is directly proportional to blood volume, any volume change can alter blood pressure. |
| What does peripheral resistance refers to? | The amount of friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels. |
| What are some things that can aggravate blood pressure? | Obesity, excess salt intake, inactive lifestyle, stress, smoking, medications, etc. |
| What do blood vessels form? | A closed system of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart, lungs, and body cells. |
| What are the tubes that conduct blood AWAY from the heart? | Arteries and arterioles |
| What are the tubes in which exchanges of substances occur between the blood and surrounding tissues? | Capillaries |
| What are the tubes that return blood to the heart? | Veins and venules |
| What is the inner layer of the arteries and veins? | Turnica interna |
| What is the turnica interna composed of? | An endothelium of simple squamous epithelial cells and the basement membrane to establish a smooth lining next to the lumen of the blood vessel. |
| What is the middle layer of the arteries and veins? | Turnica media |
| What is the turnica media composed of? | Smooth muscle |
| What does the turnica media do? | From various contractions and relaxations of the smooth muscle, the lumen size in modified, which influences the mount of blood flow through a particular area of the body |
| What is the outer layer of the arteries and veins? | Turnica externa |
| What is the turnica externa? | Connective tissues rich in collagen, providing some support and protection. |
| Why do the arteries have thicker middle and outer layers and elastic laminae? | To provide additional support and elasticity to withstand the high blood pressures of arteries. |
| In what blood vessel had occasional valves to prevent backflow within these vessels that experience much lower pressures? | Veins, which have thinner middle and outer layers |
| What do the capillaries that connect arterioles and venules retain? | Only the endothelium and basement membrane |
| What are the 2 major pathways of the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system? | The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit |
| What happens within each circuit? | Arteries transport blood away from the heart. After exchanges of gases, nutrients, and wastes have occurred between the blood and surrounding tissues, veins return the blood to the heart. |
Created by:
elizabethcosio
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