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chapter 16
| lymphatic and immune system | work together to protect the body. |
| immune system | Cells that defend the body against disease |
| lymphatic system | Organs and vessels in which the immune cells exist |
| Lymphatic system | Lymph,Lymph nodes,Lymphatic tissue,Lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphatic vessels | found in almost every tissue but bone marrow, cartilage, and the central nervous system |
| Functions of the lymphatic system | Maintenance of fluid balance, Absorption of fat, Immunity |
| Lymph | Clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma |
| Lymph | Originates in tissues as the fluid that is left after capillary exchange |
| Lymph | May contain lipids, lymphocytes, hormones, bacteria, viruses, or cellular debris |
| Lymphatic vessels | Similar to veins |
| Lymphatic vessels | Carry fluid in one direction only: away from the tissue |
| Lymphatic vessels | Thin walls and valves to prevent backflow |
| Lymphatic vessels | As the vessels converge closer to the heart, they get larger |
| Lymphatic vessels | Empty into lymph nodes: this is where immune cells phagocytize bacteria |
| Lymphatic vessels | lymphatic fluid moves by the rhythmic contractions of the lymphatic vessels |
| Lymphatic vessels | contraction of skeletal muscles, and respiration |
| Circulation of Lymph | Right Lymphatic Duct, Thoracic Duct |
| Thoracic Duct | Drains lymph form the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein |
| Right Lymphatic Duct | Drains lymph for the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein |
| Lymphatic Tissues and Organs | Lymphatic nodules,Lymphatic organs |
| SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS | Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen |
| SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS | contain mature lymphocytes |
| Lymphatic organs | red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen |
| Lymphatic nodules | lymphatic tissue that exists in masses |
| Lymphatic nodules | An example would be the Peyer’s patches of the small intestines |
| Thymus | Located in the mediastinum |
| Thymus | Large in children; starts to shrink by age 14 |
| Thymus | Produces thymosin that help to promote the development of lymphocytes |
| Thymus | The dense medulla is filled with T lymphocytes |
| Thymus | “train” the lymphocytes to distinguish host body cells form foreign invaders |
| Thymus | “training” is complete, the lymphocytes are released into the bloodstream |
| Tonsils | Masses of lymphoid tissue |
| Tonsils | Protect against pathogens that enter the body through the nose or the throat |
| Tonsils | Act to filter the air that comes in the nose and mouth. |
| Tonsils | White blood cells in the lymphoid tissue will destroy any viruses or bacteria before they enter the body. |
| Tonsils | 3 sets:Pharyngeal tonsil or adenoids,Palatine tonsils,Lingual tonsils |
| Spleen | Largest lymphatic organ |
| Spleen | Found in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen |
| Spleen | Divided into compartments |
| 2 types of (spleen) tissue | Red pulp,White pulp |
| network of erythrocyte filled sinuses and phagocytic cells. | Red pulp |
| Collects in the venous sinuses after passing through here, then returns to the heart through the veins | Red pulp |
| compact masses of lymphocytes, surrounds the arteries leading to each compartment | White pulp |
| Functions of the spleen | Immunity |
| Functions of the spleen | Destruction of old red blood cells |
| Functions of the spleen | Blood storage |
| Functions of the spleen | hematopoiesis |
| Immunity | first line of defense,Second line of defense,Third line of defense |
| First line of defense | External barriers: skin, mucous membranes |
| Second line of defense | Called NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY or INNATE IMMUNITY |
| Second line of defense | Body production of phagocytic white blood cells triggering inflammation and fever |
| Third line of defense | SPECIFIC IMMUNITY: that which occurs as a result of previous exposure to a pathogen. The immune system has memory of the pathogen or invader |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Protects against a broad range of pathogens |
| Nonspecific Immunity | External barriers: skin and mucous membranes |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Phagocytosis: cells whose job is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other particles; neutrophils and macrophages |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Antimicrobial proteins: interferons and complement system |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Natural killer cells: lymphocytes that roam the body looking for pathogens or diseased cells; use lysis |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Inflammation: tissue injury (trauma, ischemia, or infection) can trigger this fight reaction by the body |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Fever: pyrexia; a raised body temperature. The person is said to be febrile |
| Types of Phagocytes | Neutrophils, Macrophages |
| Antimicrobial Proteins | Interferons,Complement system |
| Natural Killer Cells | Unique group of lymphocytes |
| Natural Killer Cells | Use several methods to destroy cells |
| Natural Killer Cells | Roma the body |
| Classic Signs of Inflammation | Swelling: due to fluid leaking out of the capillaries |
| Classic Signs of Inflammation | Redness: due to hyperemia |
| Classic Signs of Inflammation | Heat: due to hyperemia |
| Classic Signs of Inflammation | Pain: due to injured nerves from swelling or stimulation from bacterial toxins |
| Fever | As neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria, they secrete a substance called pyrogen |
| Fever | Pyrogen stimulates the anterior hypothalamus to secrete (prostaglandin E)PGE |
| Fever | PGE resets the body’s set point for temperature |
| Fever | When the set point rises, the body needs to generate heat, it does this by shivering and constricting blood vessels in the skin. The result is chills and cold, clammy skin |
| The temperature rises until it reaches its new set point; it stays there as long as the pathogen is present | Fever |
| When the pathogen is no longer a threat, the phagocytes stop producing the pyrogen and the body’s set point for temperature returns to normal. | Fever |
| body needs to lose the excess heat, which it does through sweating and dilating the blood vessels in the skin. The result is that the skin is warm and flushed. | Fever |
| Specific Immunity | The immune system has a memory of an encounter with the pathogen and will recognize with future exposure |
| Specific Immunity | Directed against a specific pathogen |
| Specific Immunity | HUMORAL (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) IMMUNITY: sends out antibodies to tag pathogens for later destruction |
| Specific Immunity | CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNITY: destroy foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen |
| ACTIVE IMMUNITY: the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen | Specific Immunity |
| PASSIVE IMMUNITY: an injection of antibodies from another person or an animal is given to the person to produce immunity | Specific Immunity |
| NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY: the body produces antibodies or T cells after exposure to an antigen | Specific Immunity |
| ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY: the body makes antibodies or T cells due to having been vaccinated | Specific Immunity |
| NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY: the fetus acquires antibodies form the mother through the placenta or breastfeeding | Specific Immunity |
| Specific Immunity | ARTIFICIAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY: obtaining serum from a person or animal that has produced antibodies and then injecting this into someone else |
| T Lymphocytes | Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow |
| T Lymphocytes | T cell |
| T Lymphocytes | Mature in the thymus |
| B Lymphocytes | Stay here until mature |
| B Lymphocytes | Stem cells in the red bone marrow |
| B Lymphocytes | B cells |
| Antibodies | Key to the immune system |
| Antibodies | Gamma globulin proteins formed by B cells and found in plasma and body secretions |
| Antibodies | AKA: immunoglobulins (Ig) |
| Antibodies | ANTIGEN: any molecule that triggers an immune response |
| 5 classes of antibodies | IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM |
| Cellular Immunity | Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Memory T cells |
| Cellular Immunity | Destroys pathogens that exist within a cell; uses 3 classes of T cells |
| Humoral Immunity | Focuses on pathogens outside of the cells |
| Uses antibodies to mark the cell for destruction | Humoral Immunity |
| Hypersensitivity | an inappropriate or excessive immune response |
| Immediate Allergic Reactions | involve antigen antibody reactions |
| Delayed Allergic Reactions | involve cell mediated immunity |
| Autoimmune Diseases | the immune system fails to recognize self and attacks its own tissues |
| Immunodeficiency Diseases: | the immune system fails to adequately protect the body from pathogens |
| the lymphatic vessel that returns lymph to the left subclavian vein? | thoracic duct |
| tissue fluid begin to be called lymph | when it enters the lymph capillaries |
| larger lymph nodes, what prevents the back flow of lymph | valves |
| important function of the lymphatic system is to return lymphatic fluid to which of the following? | blood |
| name given to the masses of lymphatic tissue located below the epithelium of mucous membranes | lymph nodules |
| name for the lymph nodes that remove pathogens in the lymph coming from the legs | inguinal nodes |
| lymph nodes lymph nodules, and spleen primarily composed of | WBC's called lymphocytes |
| formed when fixed macrophages in the spleen phagocytize old red blood cells | bilirubin |
| During which stage of life is the function of the thymus the most important? | childhood |
| spleen located in the body | below the diaphragm |
| two kinds of antigens from the perspective of the immune system | self antigens and foreign antigens |
| the cells that remember a foreign antigen and initiate its rapid destruction in adaptive immunity from a second exposure | memory cells |
| What are the cells in adaptive immunity that participate in the recognition of foreign antigens | macrophages and helper T cells |
| Recovery from a disease may provide which type of immunity | naturally acquired active immunity |
| name for the immunity that is provided to a newborn baby that has temporary immunity to a disease that its mother is immune to | naturally acquired passive immunity |
| Which of the following best describes the first antibody response to a foreign antigen | slow, with a small amount |
| How is is believed that natural killer cells eliminate foreign cells | by damaging their cell membranes |
| Which of the following is an immune mechanism that does not create memory? | innate |
| Inflammation is the body's response to which of the following? | a cut in the skin , brain damage form lack of oxygen , ulcer bacteria in the stomach |
| Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? | paleness |
| key functions of the lymphatic system | immunity, absorption of fats, and the maintenance of fluid balance |
| statement most correctly describes the main function of lymph nodes? | the removal of pathogens and foreign material form lymphatic tissue |
Created by:
Coralebberson
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