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Leg and Foot Muscles
Leg and Foot muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 compartments that the intermuscular septae divide the leg into? | Anterior Lateral Posterior |
| What is the action of each compartment in the leg? | Anterior - dorsiflexion, inversion Lateral - plantar flexion, eversion Posterior - plantar flexion, inversion |
| What action does each layer of the posterior compartment of the leg contribute to? | Superficial - plantar flexion Deep - inversion, flexion of toes, plantar flexion |
| What innervates each compartment in the leg? | Anterior - deep fibular (peroneal) nerve Lateral - superficial fibular (peroneal) Posterior - tibial nerve (both layers) |
| Why isn't there a medial compartment in the leg? | Because of tibia |
| What is most common to each compartment? | Function |
| What would happen if patient loses innervation in a compartment? | Function is compromised |
| How would we want to work on a particular function of a particular joint? | Work the muscles as a group |
| Dorsal and plantar flexion is movement around which joint? | Ankle |
| What innervates everything below the knee? | Sciatic nerve |
| What does the sciatic nerve divide into? | Tibial or common fibular (peroneal) |
| What does "common" indicate in the name of a nerve? | That it usually divides into two branches |
| What does the common fibular divide into? | Deep fibular and superficial fibular |
| Which compartment does the tibial nerve innervate? | Posterior |
| What compartment does the deep fibular nerve innervate? | Anterior |
| What compartment does the superficial fibular nerve innervate? | Lateral |
| Does the same nerves that innervate each compartment in the leg include skin innervation? | No |
| What does the word hallux or hallucis closely associate? | Big toe |
| What does the word digitorum closely associate? | Digits 2-5 There are exceptions |
| True or false. Superficial fascia has free nerve endings. | True |
| True or false. Deep fascia has dense CT | True |
| What is the function of the deep fascia? | Separates compartments Wraps whole area and keeps muscles in place |
| What is the deep fascia in the thigh called? | Fascia latae |
| What is the deep fascia in the leg called? | Crural fascia |
| What is the IT band? | Thickening of deep fascia |
| What is a retinaculum | Thickening of deep fascia around ankle |
| What is the function of the retinaculum? | Retains tendons in place |
| What would happen to the muscles if there was no retinaculum? | Bowing of muscles |
| What side does the extensor retinaculum keep in place? | Anterior |
| What side does the fibular retinaculum keep in place? | Behind lateral malleolus |
| What side does flexor retinaculum keep in place? | Behind medial malleolus |
| What are the superficial muscles in the posterior leg compartment? | Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris |
| What are the deep muscles in the posterior leg compartment? | Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Popliteus |
| What is the cross rule for the deep group muscles in the posterior leg compartment? | FHL originates at posterior fibula FDL originates at posterior tibia TP originates at both *FHL and FDL criss cross from origin to insertion |
| What is the name of the gastrocnemius and soleus? | Triceps surea |
| What is the origin of the gastrocnemius? | Medial head - medial condyle of femur Lateral head - lateral condyle of femur |
| What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius? | Calcaneus |
| What is the action of the gastrocnemius? | Knee flexion Plantar flexion Inversion |
| What is the origin of the soleus | Soleal line Head of fibula Posterior proximal fibula |
| What is the insertion of the soleus? | Calcaneus |
| What is the action of the soleus? | Plantar flexion Inversion |
| What is the origin of the plantaris? | Lateral supracondylar line |
| What is the insertion of the plantaris? | Achilles tendon |
| What is the action of plantaris? | Plantar flexion |
| If we were to remove this muscle, what would happen to the ankle? | Nothing |
| Which muscle would be used to get a graft from? | Plantaris |
| What is the origin of the flexor hallucis longus? | Middle posterior fibula Interosseous membrane |
| What is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus? | Distal phalanx of big toe |
| What is the action of flexor hallucis longus? | Flexion of big toe (at all joints) Plantar flexion Inversion |
| What does "longus" usually indicate in the muscle name? | Travels long distance so it inserts at distal phalange |
| What does "brevis" usually indicate in the muscle name? | Travels short distances so inserts at proximal phalange |
| What is the origin of flexor digitorum longus? | Posterior tibia |
| What is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus? | Distal phalanx of 2-5 toes |
| What is the action of flexor digitorum longus? | Inversion at subtalar joint Plantar flexion at ankle joint Flexion of 2-5 toes at all joints |
| What is the origin of tibialis posterior? | Posterior tibia and fibula Interosseous membrane |
| What is the insertion of tibialis posterior? | All tarsal and metatarsal except talus, 1st, and 5th metatarsal |
| What is the movement of tibialis posterior from its origin to insertion? | From origin, moves down and passes medial malleolus and sole of foot to its insertion |
| What is the action of tibialis posterior? | Plantar flexion Inversion |
| What is the origin of popliteus? | Lateral side of lateral femoral condyle Lateral meniscus |
| What is the insertion of popliteus? | Posterior surface of tibia Head of fibula *attaches above soleal line |
| What is the action of popliteus? | Knee flexion Medial rotation of tibia on femur Key to unlock the knee joint |
| What is the relationship between rotation for flexion and extension of the knee? | During gait, have flexion, extension, and rotation During flexion, have internal rotation - unlocks knee joint During extension, have external rotation - locks knee joint |
| Why is there rotation at the knee joint during gait? | Different sizes of the condyles and because we want to lock knee joint |
| What is the key to unlocking the knee joint? | Popliteus |
| Where is the popliteal fossa? | Behind knee joint Lower part of femur Upper part of tibia |
| What is the shape of the popliteal fossa? | Diamond shaped depression |
| Why is the popliteal fossa in the back and the cubital fossa in front? | Rotation of limbs during embryo |
| What makes up the superior borders of the popliteal fossa? | Laterally - biceps femoris Medially - semitendinosus, semimembranosus |
| What makes up the inferior borders of the popliteal fossa? | Laterally - lateral head of gastrocnemius Medially - medial head of gastrocnemius |
| What makes up the roof of the popliteal fossa? | Deep and superficial fascia |
| What is inside the popliteal fossa? | Popliteal artery and vein Tibial nerve and its branches Common fibular nerve and its branches Popliteal lymph nodes and fat |
| What is on the roof of the popliteal fossa? | Superficial vein (within superficial fascia) - small saphenous vein |
| What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg? | Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius |
| What is the origin of the tibialis anterior? | Upper half and lateral condyle of tibia |
| What is the insertion of tibialis anterior? | 1st metatarsal and middle cuneiform |
| What are the main invertors in the leg? | Tibialis anterior and posterior |
| What muscle has the same insertion as tibialis anterior? | Fibularis longus |
| What is the origin of extensor hallucis longus? | Anterior tibia Interosseous membrane |
| What is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus? | Distal phalanx of big toe |
| What is the action of extensor hallucis longus? | Dorsiflexion Inversion Extends big toe |
| What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus? | Anterior fibula Lateral condyle of tibia |
| What is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus? | Dorsal digitorum expansion -hood to mid and distal digits |
| What muscle inserts at the tendon of extensor digitorum longus? | Extensor digitorum brevis |
| What is the action of extensor digitorum longus? | Dorsiflexion Inversion Extends toes 2-5 |
| What is the origin of fibularis tertius? | Anterior fibula (distal) |
| What is the insertion of fibularis tertius? | Base of 5th metatarsal bone |
| Does fibularius tertius move the pinky toe since it inserts there? | No, because it is inserted at the base. |
| What word would indicate movement around the pinky toe in the muscle name? | Minimi |
| What muscle has the same insertion as fibularis tertius? | Fibularis brevis |
| What muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg? | Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis |
| What is the origin of fiblularis longus? | Head and upper 1/2 of fibula |
| What is the insertion of fibularis longus? | 1st metatarsal and middle cuneiform |
| What muscle has the same insertion as fibularis longus? | tibialis anterior |
| What is the origin of fibularis brevis? | Lower 1/2 of fibula |
| What is the insertion of fibularis brevis? | Base of 5th metatarsal bone |
| What is the movement of fibularis longus from origin to insertion? | From origin moves down and passes lateral malleolus All the way through to medial side |
| What muscles are in the dorsum of the foot? | Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis |
| What is the origin of the two muscles in the dorsum of the foot? | Calcaneus on dorsum of foot |
| What is the insertion of extensor digitorum brevis? | tendon of extensor digitorum longus |
| What is the insertion of extensor hallucis brevis? | Base of proximal phalanx of big toe |
| What is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis? | Extends toes 2-4 |
| What is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis? | Extension of big toe |
| How many layers of muscles are in the soles of the feet? | 4 |
| What are the muscles in the first layer in the soles of the feet? | Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor digiti minimi |
| What are the muscles in the second layer in the soles of the feet? | Quadratus plantae Lumbricals |
| What are the tendons in the second layer in the soles of the feet? | Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus |
| What makes up the second layer in the soles of the feet | 2 tendons - FHL, FDL 2 muscles - quadratus plantae, lumbricals |
| What are the muscles in the third layer in the soles of the feet? | Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis |
| What are the muscles in the fourth layer in the soles of the feet? | Plantar interossei Dorsal interossei |
| What is common to the 1st layer of muscles in the soles of the feet? | Origin - calcaneus and plantar fascia |
| What is the insertion of abductor hallucis? | Medial side of proximal phalanx of big toe |
| What is the action of abductor hallucis? | Abducts big toe |
| What is the insertion of flexor digitorum brevis? | Middle phalanx of toes 2-5 |
| What is the action of flexor digitorum brevis? | Flexes toes 2-5 except at DIP |
| What is the innervation of flexor digitorum brevis? | Medial nerve |
| What is the innervation of adductor hallucis? | Medial nerve |
| What is the insertion of abductor digiti minimi? | Lateral base of proximal phalanx of pinky toe |
| What is the action of abductor digiti minimi? | Abductors and flexes pinky toe |
| What is the innervation of abductor digiti minimi? | Lateral nerve |
| What is the origin of quadratus plantae? | Calcaneus |
| What is the insertion of quadratus plantae? | Tendon of FDL |
| What is the action of quadratus plantae? | Flexion of toes |
| What is the innervation of quadratus plantae? | Lateral nerve |
| What is the origin of lumbricals? | Tendon of FDL |
| What is the insertion of lumbricals? | Proximal phalanges |
| What is the action of lumbricals? | Flexion at MTP |
| What is the innervation of lumbricals? | Medial at 2nd toe Lateral at 3-5 |
| What is the origin of flexor hallucis brevis? | Cuboid Lateral cuneiform |
| What is the insertion of flexor hallucis brevis? | Proximal phalange of big toe (both sides medial/lateral) |
| What is the action of flexor hallucis brevis? | Flexes big toe |
| What is the origin of adductor hallucis? | Oblique head - metatarsals 2-4 Transverse head - plantar metatarsophalangeal ligament |
| What is the insertion of adductor hallucis? | Lateral side of proximal phalanx of big toe |
| What is the action of adductor hallucis? | Adducts big toe |
| What is the innervation of flexor hallucis brevis? | Medial |
| What is the innervation of adductor hallucis? | Lateral |
| What is the origin of flexor digiti miniimi brevis pedis? | 5th metatarsal |
| What is the insertion of flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis? | Proximal phalanx of pinky toe |
| What is the action of flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis? | Flexes pinky toe |
| What is the innervation of flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis? | Lateral |
| What is the innervation of the 4th layer of the soles of the feet? | Lateral |
| What is the origin of the dorsi interossei? | Space between all metatarsal |
| How many dorsi interossei are there in the foot? | 4 |
| What is the insertion of the dorsi interossei? | Proximal side of 2nd phalange Medial side of 2-4 phalange |
| What is the action of dorsi interossei? | Abducts 2-4 toes |
| What is the origin of plantar interossei? | Medial base of metatarsal 3-5 |
| What is the insertion of plantar interossei? | Medial side of proximal phalange 3-5 |
| What is the action of plantar interossei? | Adducts 3-5 toes |
| What does the crural fascia form? | 3 intermuscular septae that divide the leg into 3 main compartments |
| What VANs make up the anterior compartment? | Anterior tibial artery and veins, deep fibular (peroneal) nerve |
| What nerve makes up the lateral compartment? | Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve |
| What VANS make up the deep posterior compartment? | Posterior tibial artery and veins, tibial nerve, fibular (peroneal) artery and veins |
| Where is the tarsal tunnel ? | Behind the flexor retinaculum |
| What makes up the tarsal tunnel? | Tibialis posterior, flexor digitalis longus, artery, nerve, and flexor hallucis longus |
| What kind of movement do muscle anterior to the axis joint do? | Dorsiflexion |
| What kind of movement do muscle posterior to the axis joint do? | Plantar flexion |
| What kind of movement is seen at the subtalar axis? | Inversion or eversion |
| What kind of movement do muscle medial to the subtalar axis do? | Inversion |
| What kind of movement do muscle lateral to the subtalar axis do? | Eversion |
| What compartment is anterior to the ankle axis? | Anterior |
| What compartment is posterior to the ankle axis but medial to the subtalar axis? | Posterior |
| What compartment is posterior to the ankle axis but lateral to the subtalar axis? | Lateral |
| What compartment is the calcaneus part of and what is the implication? | Posterior compartment therefore innervated by tibial nerve |
| What is compartment syndrome? | Pressure increases and compresses the nerve, then we have the nerve deficit |
| What can lead to drop foot? | Compartment syndrome where the anterior compartment is most affected. Deep fibular nerve is compressed which compromises the function of dorsiflexion |
| Where is the axis of movement for the foot? | Around 2nd toe |
| What is significant about intrinsic muscles versus extrinsic muscles? | Intrinsic have same origin and insertion region whereas extrinsic have different origin and insertion region |
| What are all interossei muscles innervated by? | Lateral plantar nerve |
| What is plantar fascia? | Thickening of deep fascia AKA plantar aponeurosis |
| What does the plantar fascia attach to? | Calcaneus and goes all the way down and divides into sleeves that attach to the base of the toes |
| What is the function of plantar fascia? | Support soft tissue - helps maintain foot arches |
| What is the quadratus plantae also known as? | Flexor accessorius |
Created by:
nnguyen44
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