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Muscle terms
Vocab from Chapter 8 on the Muscular System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Muscle tone | is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, |
| Endomysium | surrounds the individual fibers within fascicles |
| Perimysium | around each fascicle |
| Epimysium | around the entire muscle |
| Tendon | a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| Motor unit | a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates. |
| Membrane potential | when the plasma membrane of a living cell carries a difference in electric charge (voltage) on either side. |
| Excitability | receive and respond to stimuli |
| Action potential | the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. |
| Neuromuscular junction | the point at which a nerve fiber contracts a muscle cell |
| Synapse | a point of communication between a neuron and another cell |
| Acetylcholine | a compound which occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter. |
| Synaptic cleft | the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter. |
| Motor end plate | the muscle cell's receiving membrane |
| Contractility | shorten when stimulated |
| Myosin | thick, dark protein involved in muscle contraction. |
| Actin | thin, light protein involved in muscle contraction. |
| Sarcomere | a contracting subunit of skeletal muscle |
| Troponin | are a group of proteins found in skeletal and heart (cardiac) muscle fibers that regulate muscular |
| Tropomyosin | a protein involved in muscle contraction. It is related to myosin and occurs together with troponin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue. |
| Sacroplasmic reticulum | is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that stores calcium ions. |
| Myoglobin | stores oxygen in muscle cells. |
| Glycogen | the storage form of glucose. |
| Creatine phosphate | a compound similar to ATP in that it has a high-energy bond that breaks down to release energy. |
| Anaerobic glycolysis | process that breaks glucose down incompletely without using oxygen |
| Isotonic contraction | the tone or tension within the muscle remains the same, but muscle length changes |
| Isometric contraction | there is no change in muscle length, but there is a great increase in muscle tension |
| Concentric contraction | a muscle as a whole shortens to produce movement. |
| Eccentric contraction | the muscle lengthens as it exerts force |
| Aponeurosis | a broad sheet that attaches muscles to bone or to other muscle |
| Origin | where the muscle originates |
| Insertion | muscle attachment connected to a movable part. |
| Agonist | any muscle that performs a given action |
| Antagonist | the muscle that produces an opposite action |
| Synergist | muscles that steady body parts or assist in an action |
| Orbicularis oculi | encircles eyelid; closes the eye |
| Levator palpebrae superioris | Posterior orbit to upper eyelid; opens eye |
| Orbicularis oris | encircles the mouth; closes lips |
| Buccinator | fleshy part of cheek, flattens cheek; helps in eating |
| Temporalis | above and near ear; closes jaw |
| Masseter | At angle of jaw; closes jaw |
| Sternocleidomastoid | along lateral neck, to mastoid process; flexes head toward opposite side |
| Trapezius | Posterior neck and upper back to clavicle and scapula; raises shoulder and pulls it back |
| Latissimus dorsi | middle and lower back, to humerus; extends and adducts arm (prime mover) |
| Pectoralis major | superior, anterior chest, to humerus; flexes and adducts arm; medially rotates arm across chest |
| Deltoid | covers shoulder joint to lateral humerus; abducts arm |
| Biceps brachii | anterior arm along humerus, to radius; supinates the forearm and hand |
| Triceps brachii | Posterior arm, to ulna; extends forearm to straighten upper extremity |
| Brachioradialis | lateral forearm from distal end of humerus to distal end of radius; synergist in forearm flexion |
| Flexor/extensor carpi | Posterior forearm, to hand; extends hand |
| Flexor/extensor digitorum | Posterior forearm, to fingers; extends fingers |
| Diaphragm | Dome-shaped partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities; descends to enlarge thoracic cavity from the top to the bottom during ventilation |
| Intercostals | between ribs; alter thoracic cavity volume during ventilation |
| Rectus abdominis | is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen |
| External oblique | is one of the outermost abdominal muscles, extending from the lower half of the ribs around and down to the pelvis. ... These muscles help pull the chest, as a whole, downwards, which compresses the abdominal cavity |
| Internal oblique | is an abdominal muscle located beneath the external abdominal oblique. The contraction of this muscle also rotates the trunk and bends it sideways by pulling the midline and rib cage toward the lower back and hip. |
| Transverse abdominis | is the deepest innermost layer of all abdominal muscles and is located underneath your rectus abdominis (the six-pack stomach muscle). |
| Levator ani | pelvic floor; aids in defecation |
| Sacrospinalis | a muscle that extends the length of the back and neck, that arises from the iliac crest, the sacrum, and the lumbar and two lower thoracic vertebrae, |
| Gluteus maximus | superficial buttock, to femur; extends thigh |
| Gluteus medius | deep buttock, to femur; abducts thigh |
| Iliopsoas | crosses anterior hip joint, to femur; flexes thigh when trunk is immobilized; flexes trunk when thighs are immobilized |
| Adductor longus | medial thigh, to femur; adducts thigh |
| Sartorius | crosses anterior thigh; from ilium to medial tibia; flexes thigh and leg (sit cross-legged) |
| Quadriceps femoris | anterior thigh, to tibia; extends leg |
| Hamstring group | Posterior thigh; ischium and femur to tibia and fibula; flexes leg at knee; extends and rotates thigh at hip |
| Gastrocnemius | Posterior leg, to calcaneus, inserting by the Achilles tendon; plantar flexes foot |
| Tibialis anterior | anterior and lateral leg, to foot; dorisflexes foot at ankle; inverts foot (sole inward) |
| Fibularis (peroneus) longus | lateral leg, to foot; everts foot (sole outward) |
| Soleus | posterior leg deep to gastrocnemius; plantar flexes foot |
| Flexor/extensor digitorum | posterior to leg and foot to inferior surface of phalanges; flexes toes |
| Serratus anterior | inferior to axilla on lateral chest, to scapula; moves shoulder foward |
Created by:
Jessica Venyke
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