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Anatomy final
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n): | tissue |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: | sagittal |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| The mediastinum contains all of the following except the | right lung |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface? | Superficial |
| The gallbladder lies in the: | abdominal cavity. |
| The reproductive system includes all of the following except the: | ureter |
| Two major cavities of the human body are | ventral/dorsal. |
| The number of abdominal regions is | 9 |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included | An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included |
| In the presence of a base, red litmus paper will: | turn blue. |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? | Helium |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? | Zinc |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: | protons and neutrons. |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | 4 |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: | protons |
| An ionic bond is formed by: | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: | solution becomes more acidic |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution. | alkaline (basic) |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction | exchange |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the | phospholipid bilayer |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Cholesterol |
| Which of the following organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle? | Ribosome |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | Cell division |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | Lysosomes |
| A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the: | flagellum |
| Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? | Primary cilium |
| Main cell structures include all of the following except: | interstitial fluid. |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called: | cilia |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: | chromatin |
| Adipose tissue is a | storage tissue. |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer | reticular |
| The tip of the nose and the external ear are composed of | elastic cartilage |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? | bone |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | keratin |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective. |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the skull? | clavicle |
| Which of the following is(are) not in the appendicular skeleton? | vertebrae |
| Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue. | connective |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? | pubis |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the | lumbar vertebrae. |
| Which bone is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | femur |
| Of the five metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the _____ metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones. | thumb |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis. |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally? | fibula |
| The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| The action of the brachialis muscle is to _____ the forearm. | flex |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the: | endomysium |
| Which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? | Pectoralis minor |
| Muscles may be named according to: | function. direction of fibers. points of attachment. all of the above. |
| When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamstring group, the injury is on the: | : posterior thigh |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the | opponens pollicis. |
| Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be: | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. |
| Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm? | Trapezius |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | Biceps brachii |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | . sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| In the human nervous system: | most of the cells are glia cells. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment. Detect changes in the internal environment. Evaluate changes in the environment. All of the above are true. |
| Astrocytes attach to: | neurons. blood vessels. |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | : carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? | Pineal gland |
| The brain has _____ major divisions | 6 |
| Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers. T/F | TRUE |
| “Fight-or-flight” physiological changes include all of the following except: | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| Spinal nerves are _____ fibers | motor and sensory |
| If you were to damage some of the preganglionic fibers that enter the celiac ganglion, what effect would this have on sympathetic stimulation? | ? Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the; | subdural space |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals. T/F | TRUE |
| The areas specializing in language functions are found in the left cerebral hemisphere in | 90% |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | . oval window |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | . Conjunctiva |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule | vestibule |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| All of the following are granulocytes except | lymphocytes. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium. |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | Sebum , mucus, enzymes, hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa. all of the above |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | SKIN |
| A tumor of the lymphoid tissue is called | lymphoma |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | |
| The small openings in the cribriform plate function to: | allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain. |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the | throat |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are | bronchioles |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils. anterior nares. external nares. all of the above. |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage |
| Which of the following does not distribute air? | Alveolus |
| Which of the following is not a function of the pharynx? | ? Determines the quality of the voice |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum |
| Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine? | Cecum |
| Bile is secreted by: | : hepatic cells |
| The type of tissue designed for absorption and secretion found throughout much of the GI tract is _____ epithelium. | simple columnar |
| The walls of the GI tract are composed of ____ layers of tissue | 4 |
| Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds? | Filiform |
| Microvilli can be found in the | small intestine. large intestine |
| The substance that forms the outer covering of the neck and root of a tooth is: | cementum |
| A barium enema study is used to detect and locate: | polyps. tumors. diverticula. all of the above. |
| The right angle between the transverse colon and the ascending colon is the: | hepatic flexure. |
| Which of the following salivary glands produces only a mucus type of saliva? | Sublinguals |
| The portion of the nephron tubule that is essentially always impermeable to water is the: | ascending nephron loop. |
| Approximately how much blood flows through the kidneys per minute? | 1200 ml |
| Substances travel from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule by the process of:. | filtration |
| The calyces of the kidney join together to form a large collection reservoir called the: | renal pelvis. |
| The mechanism for voiding begins with: | the relaxation of the internal sphincter. |
| The normal osmotic pressure of the capsular filtrate is _____ mm Hg | 0 |
| Which of the following is not a normal function of the kidneys? | Regulate blood sugar |
| Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? Aldosterone and ADH | Aldosterone and ADH |
| Reabsorption, as performed in the kidney, may be defined as the: | movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood. |
| One difference between the male urethra and the female urethra is the male urethra is: | part of two different body systems. |
| Mechanical support and protection for developing germ cells in the testis are provided by: Sertoli cells. | Sertoli cells. |
| In the male reproductive system, the essential organs of reproduction are called | : testes. |
| The region between the vaginal orifice and the anus is called the; perineum. | perineum. |
| Which of the following is not true concerning the uterus? | It produces estrogen |
| In the male, LH: | stimulates the interstitial cells to increase their secretion of testosterone. |
| The greater vestibular glands are also called _____ glands. | Bartholin |
| The fundus of the uterus is the: | area above where the tubes enter. |
| Which of the following is not a supporting structure of the male reproductive system? | Prostate |
| The supporting structures in the male reproductive system include: | the penis. a pair of spermatic cords. the scrotum. all of the above. |
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