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Cardiology - 19
Study Guide for Cardiology RDP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System | A body system that contains a pump (heart) and conducting hose (blood vessels) that transports fluids throughout the body. |
| Blood | Specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix |
| Functions of Blood | 1.) Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste 2.) Regulates pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids 3.) Restricts fluid losses at injury sites 4.) Defends against toxins and pathogens 5.) Stabilize body temperature |
| Plasma | Blood Matrix |
| Whole Blood Composition | Plasma and Formed Elements |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of formed elements in a sample of blood |
| Plasma Proteins | Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogens |
| Formed Elements | Platelets, White Blood Cells (Leukocytes), Red Blood Cells |
| Blood Physical Characteristics | 1.) Blood temperature around 38 Celsius 2.) Five times as viscous as water 3.) Slightly alkaline at 7.4 |
| Venipuncture | Procedure where blood is drawn from superficial vein |
| Why Venipuncture? | Superficial veins easy to locate, vein walls thinner, and low blood pressure with quicker healing |
| Albumins | 1.) Majority of Plasma proteins 2.) Contributes to osmotic pressure and plasma osmolarity 3.) Transports fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid hormones and others |
| Globulins | 1.) Second most abundant 2.) Antibodies and transport proteins 3.) Examples: Hormone-binding proteins, Metalloproteins, Apolipoproteins, Steroid-Binding Proteins |
| Fibrinogen | 1.) Third Plasma protein 2.) Converts to fibrin, insoluble substance, during blood clotting |
| Serum | Fluid left after fibrin separates from fibrinogen |
| RBC | Red Blood Cells |
| WBC | White Blood Cells |
| RBC Shape Effect | 1.) Large surface-area to volume ratio 2.) Can form stacks, called rouleaux, that can move through narrow blood vessels 3.) Bendable and flexible to move through small capillaries and branches |
| Hemoglobin (Hb) | Molecules, 95% of intercellular proteins, that gives the cell ability to transport O and CO2 |
| Hb structure | 1.) 2 alpha and beta polypeptide chains 2.) Each chain contains heme 3.) Oxyhemoglobin - oxygen interacts with heme's iron giving bright red color 4.) Deoxyhemoglobin - oxygen doesn't interact with heme's iron giving dark red color |
| Thalassemia | Condition where there is an inability to produce sufficient alpha and beta polypeptide chains |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | Mutation that affects the beta chains of hemoglobin that produces unhealthy sickle shape |
| Anemia | Interferes with oxygen delivery to peripheral tissue |
| Hemolyzed RBC | = Rupture RBCs |
| Hemoglobinuria | Condition where abnormally large numbers of RBCs break down in blood stream |
| RBC Breakdown | 1.) Globular proteins divide into amino acids (metabolized or released) 2.) Heme is stripped of iron, converted to biliverdin, then to bilirubin 3.) Bilirubin attaches to albumin and transported to liver for excretion 4.) Transferrin transports iron |
| Jaundice | Build up of bilirubin in the blood stream giving the yellowish appearance in the fingers and eyes |
| Erythropoiesis | Red blood cell formation that takes place in the red bone marrow |
| RBC maturation | 1.) Hematopoietic stem cells produce myeloid and lymphoid stem cells 2.) RBC -> Proerythroblasts and then goes through erythroblast stages 3.) RBC sheds nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte 4.) Reticulocytes released into blood stream and fully matures |
| Pernicious Anemia | Deficiency in vitamin B12 that is obtained from diary products and meat |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | A glycoprotein responsible for stimulating stem cells and developing RBCs |
| EPO released when ... | 1.) In anemia 2.) Blood flow to kidneys decline 3.) Oxygen content of air in lungs decline with disease or high altitude 4.) Respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged |
| EPO Major Effects | 1.) Stimulates cell division rates in erythroblasts and in stem cells responsible for process 2.) Speeds up RBC maturation with Hb synthesis imcrease |
| Blood Doping | Practice where athletes elevate their hematocrit through reinfusing packed RBCs |
| Antigens | Substances that trigger an immune response |
| Surface Antigens | 1.) Located on plasma membranes 2.) Recognized as normal by immune system |
| Surface Antigens Type | A, B, & Rh (D) |
| Blood Type | Determined by presence or absence of specific surface antigens |
| Blood Types | A, B, AB, & O |
| Rh | Rh+ = Presence of Rh antigen Rh- = Absence of Rh antigen |
| Agglutinogens | Surface antigens ignored by the immune system |
| Blood Type and Antibodies | Type A , Anti-B antibodies Type B, Ant-A antibodies Type AB, No antibodies Type O, Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies |
| Agglutination (Clumping) | When surface antigens and opposing antibodies come into contact |
| Cross Reaction | RBC agglutination and hemolysis |
| Type O Blood | Universal Donor |
| Type AB | Universal Recipient |
| WBC Characteristic | 1.) Can migrate out of bloodstream 2.) Capable of amoeboid movement 3.) Attracted to specific chemical stimuli 4.) Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Monocytes capable of phagocytosis |
| Margination | Process where activated WBC's stick to vessel walls |
| Diapedesis | WBC's squeeze between endothelial cells and enter into surrounding tissues |
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) | Condition where the mother's antibodies attack and destroy fetal RBCs |
| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Monocytes are... | Body's nonspecific defense |
| Lymphocytes are ... | Body's specific defense |
| Neutrophils | Most common WBC that is the first to arrive at an injury site and attacks and digest bacteria with antibodies or complement proteins |
| Pus | Is composed of dead neutrophils and other substances |
| Eosinophils | Attacks objects coated with antibodies and increase greatly during parasitic infection and allergic reactions |
| Exocytosis | Ejection of cytoplasmic materials by fusion of a membranous vesicle with the plasma membrane |
| Basophils | Rare WBC that migrates to injury sites in order to release histamine and heparin into interstitial fluid to enhance inflammation |
| Histamine | Granules that dilates blood vessel |
| Heparin | A compound that prevents blood clotting |
| Monocytes | Aggressive phagocytes, also are WBCs, that engulf large things, release chemicals to attract other WBCs, and draw fibroblasts to produce scare tissue at injured area |
| Lymphocytes | WBCs that has three functional classes |
| T cells | Cell mediated immunity where they attack directly or control lymphocyte activity |
| B cells | Humoral immunity which acts as a defense with the production of antibodies and plasma cells that synthesize and secret antibodies |
| Natural Killers (NK) Cells | Immune surveillance where there is detection and destruction of abnormal cells |
| Leukopenia | Inadequate numbers of WBC |
| Leukocytosis | Excessive numbers of WBC |
| Lymphopoiesis | Process of lymphocyte production |
| Lymphatic Tissues are... | Thymus, Spleen, and Lymph Nodes |
| Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) | Hormones that regulate WBCs |
| CFSs | 1.) M-CSF 2.) G-CSF 3.) GM-CSF 4.) Multi-CSF |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets found in nonmammalian vertebrates that are whole cells rather than cell fragments |
| Thrombocytopenia | Abnormally low platelet count |
| Thrombocytosis | Excessively high platelet count caused by infection, inflammation, or cancer |
| Platelet Functions | 1.) Release chemicals important to blood clotting 2.) Form temporary patch on walls of damaged blood vessels, the patches are known as a platelet plug 3.) Reduce size of break in vessel wall by releasing filaments of actin and myosin to shrink clot |
| Thrombocytopoiesis | Platelet production |
| Megakaryocytes | Enormous cells with large nuclei that manufactures structural proteins, enzymes, and membranes |
| 3 Substances That Influence Megakaryocyte Activity and Platelet Formation | 1.) Thrombopoietin (TPO) 2.) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) 3.) Multi-CSF |
| Thrombopoietin (TPO) | Peptide hormones produced in kidneys that accelerates platelet production and stimulates production of megakaryocytes |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Hormone that stimulates platelet formation |
| Multi-CSF | Stimulates platelet production through promotion of megakaryocytes formation and growth |
| Hemostasis | The stopping of bleeding |
| Hemostasis Three Phases | Vascular, Platelet, & Coagulation |
| Vascular Spasm | Contraction of the blood vessel caused by a cut along the walls |
| Changes During Vascular Phase | 1.) Endothelial Cells contract & expose underlying basement membrane in bloodstream 2.) Endothelial Cells release chemical factors and local hormones 3.) Endothelial plasma membranes become sticky |
| Endothelins | Peptide hormones released by endothelial cells |
| Endothelins Purpose | 1.) Stimulate smooth muscle contraction & promote vascular spasm 2.) Stimulate division of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblast to speed up repair process |
| Platelet Adhesion | Attachment of platelets to exposed surfaces |
| Platelet Aggregation | Platelets stick to one another after arrival, forming a platelet plug |
| Compounds Released by Platelets | ADP, Thromboxane A2 & Serotonin, Clotting Factors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Calcium Ions |
| Key Factors In Limitation of Platelet Plug Growth | 1.) Prostacyclin, inhibits platelet aggregation 2.) WBC release of inhibitory compound 3.) Plasma enzymes breakdown ADP near plug 4.) Abundant compounds that inhibit plug formation 5.) Blood Clot development, isolates from general circulation |
| Procoagulants | Clotting Factors |
| Pathways in Coagulation | Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Common Pathway |
| Thrombin stimulates ... | 1.) Formation of Tissue Factor 2.) Release of PF-3 Platelets |
| Clotting Control | Anticoagulants, Heparin, Thrombomodulin, Prostacyclin |
| Antithrombin III | Enzyme that inhibits thrombin |
| Heparin | Cofactor, released by basophils and mast cells, that accelerates antithrombin III activation |
| Thrombomodulin | Binds to thrombin to activate the enzyme in order to activate Protein C |
| Prostacyclin | Inhibits platelet aggregation |
| Vitamin K | Fat-soluble vitamin present in green vegetables, grains, and organ meats |
| Clot Retraction | Where the torn edges of the vessels pull closer together allowing for successful blood clot |
| Fibrinolysis | Gradual dissolution of a blood clot |
Created by:
JGonzalezP1
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