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Cardiology - 20
Study Guide for Cardiology RDP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pulmonary Circuit | Network of blood vessels that carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs |
| Systemic Circuit | Network of blood vessels that transports blood to and from the rest of the body |
| Arteries | Efferent vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Veins | Afferent vessels that carry blood to heart |
| Capillaries (Exchange Vessels) | Thin walled vessels that interconnect smallest veins and arteries |
| Flow of Blood | Systemic Circuit -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Circuit -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Systemic Circuit |
| Apex | Inferior pointed tip of the heart |
| Mediastinum | Region between two pleural cavities |
| Pericardial Sac | Dense network of collagen fibers that surrounds the heart and stabilizes the position of the heart within the mediastinum |
| Pericardium | Lining of pericardial cavity |
| Visceral Pericardium Line ... | Outer surface of the heart |
| Parietal Pericardium Line ... | Inner surface of the heart |
| Pericardial Fluid | Fluid, that acts as a lubricant, that reduces friction between opposing surfaces |
| Pericarditis | Condition where pathogens create inflammation within the pericardium, making a scratching sound |
| Cardiac Tamponade | Increased fluid within the pericardial cavity that restricts movement of the heart |
| Auricle | Expandable extension of an atrium |
| Coronary Sulcus | A deep grove that marks the border between ventricles and atrium |
| Anterior and Posterior Interventricular Sulcus | Border mark between left and right ventricle |
| Heart Wall Components | Epicardium (outer), Myocardium (middle), Endocardium (inner) |
| Myocardium | Muscular wall of the heart |
| Cardiac Muscle Cells Characteristic | 1.) Small Size 2.) Single centrally located nucleus 3.) Branching interconnections between cells 4.) Presence of intercalated cells |
| Atrioventricular Valves (AV) | Valves that permit blood flow only in one direction, from atria to ventricles |
| Right Atrium | Receives blood from systemic circuit |
| Coronary Sinus | Large thin walled vein that opens intro right atrium inferior to connection with superior vena cava |
| Foramen Ovale | Oval opening that connects the two atria of a fetal heart |
| Fossa Ovalis | Small, shallow depression that results from a closing of the foramen ovale |
| Right Ventricle | Receives blood from right atrium |
| Right Atrioventricular Valve (AV) | A tricuspid valve that allows blood to enter into the right ventricle from right atrium |
| Chordae Tendineae | Connective tissue fibers that originate at the papillary muscles |
| Papillary Muscles | Conical muscular projections that arise from inner surface of right ventricle |
| Tricuspid Valve Process | Papillary muscles contract which pulls on the chordae tendineae that then opens the tricuspid valve |
| Semilunar Cusps | Allows blood flow from ventricles into the pulmonary circuit or the systemic circuit |
| Pulmonary Circuit | Pulmonary Trunk -> Left and Right Pulmonary Arteries -> Capillaries |
| Left Atrium | Receives blood from pulmonary circuit (Left and Right pulmonary veins) |
| Left Ventricle | Receives blood from left atrium |
| Left Ventricle Larger than Right Ventricle | Left ventricle supplies blood to the human body, except the lungs, which requires more pressure and muscle that the right ventricle, which supplies blood to the lungs |
| Aortic Valve | Prevents backwards blood flow into the ventricles |
| Systemic Circuit | Ascending Aorta -> Aortic Arch -> Descending Aorta |
| Differences Between Right and Left Ventricle | 1.) Right has pouch appearance, Left is circular 2.) Left requires more pressure, blood entering into systemic circuit 3.) Right contracts, with blood squeezed along the left's thick, muscular wall 4.) Left contracts by becoming narrower and shorter |
| Atrioventricular Valves (AV) | Prevent backflow of blood from ventricle to atria |
| Regurgitation | Backflow of blood into atria caused by a cut chordae tendineae or damaged papillary muscle |
| Aortic Sinuses | Sacs located adjacent to the aortic valve, that prevents cusp from sticking to atria wall |
| Carditis | Inflammation of the heart |
| Rheumatic Fever | Inflammatory autoimmune response to an infection caused by streptococcal bacteria |
| Connective Tissue Fibers | Collagen & Elastic Fibers |
| Cardiac Skeleton | Four dense bands if tough elastic tissue that encircle heart valves and bases of pulmonary trunk and aorta |
| Coronary Circulation | Circulation that supplies blood to muscle tissue of the heart |
| Right Coronary Artery supplies... | Right Atrium, Portions of both ventricles, Portions of conducting system of the heart (SA and AV node) |
| Left Coronary Artery supplies... | Left Ventricle, Left Atrium, Interventricular Septum |
| Marginal Arteries | Arteries, that arose out of the right coronary artery and is across the surface of the right ventricle |
| Circumflex Artery | Artery that curves left around coronary sulcus |
| Arterial Anastomoses | Interconnections between arteries |
| Great Cardiac Vein | A vein that begins on the anterior surface of the ventricles, along the interventricular sulcus, and goes along the coronary sinus |
| Cardiac Veins that Empty into Great Vein | 1.) Posterior Cardiac Vein 2.) Middle Cardiac Vein 3.) Small Cardiac Vein |
| Anterior Cardiac Veins | Drains anterior surface of the right ventricle to right atrium |
| Cardiac Muscle Cells Involved ... | 1.) Specialized muscle cells of conducting system 2.) Contractile Cells |
| Muscle Cells of Conducting System | Control and coordinate heartbeat |
| Contractile Cells | Produces powerful contractions that propel blood |
| SA Node | Sinoatrial Node |
| AV Node | Atrioventricular Node |
| Cardiac Cycle | Period of the start of one heartbeat to the next |
| Automaticity | When cardiac muscle tissues contract on their own |
| Conducting System | A network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiates and distributes electrical pulses |
| Location of SA and AV Node | SA Node - Wall of right atrium AV Node - At junction between atria and ventricles |
| Conducting Cells | 1.) Interconnect AV and SA nodes 2.) In atria, found in internodal pathways 3.) In ventricles, in the AV bundle and bundle branches, and also purkinje fibers |
| Prepotential (Pacemaker Potential) | Gradual depolarization of the AV and SA node's membrane |
| SA establishes ... | Heart Rate |
| Internodal Pathways | Located along atria walls that connects the SA node with the AV node |
| Slower AV Node than SA node | 1.) Nodal cells are smaller on average in diameter than conducting cells 2.) Connection between nodal cells less efficient than conducting cells |
| Delay in AV Node Importance | Allows for enough time for contraction of the atria before ventricles |
| Impulse Pathway | Atrioventricular Bundle -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers -> Ventricular Myocardium -> Ventricular Contraction |
| Bradycardia | Heart rate is slower than normal |
| Tachycardia | Heart rate is faster than normal |
| Impulse Pathway & Papillary Muscles Connection | Bundle branches deliver impulse to the papillary muscles that then applies tension to the chordae tendineae, preventing backflow from ventricles to atria |
| Ectopic Pacemaker | Abnormal signals that partially or completely bypasses the conducting system |
| Electrocardiogram (EKG) | Recording of electrical events in the heart |
| P-Wave | Depolarization of the atria (contractions) |
| QRS Complex | Depolarization of ventricles (contraction) |
| R | Pinnacle of QRS complex signaling ventricle contraction |
| T-Wave | Repolarization of ventricles |
| T-Wave Reduction Causes | 1.) Starvation 2.) Low Cardiac Energy Reserves 3.) Coronary Ischemia 4.) Abnormal Ion Concentration |
| Cardiac Muscle Cells Action Potential | Rapid Depolarization, Plateau, Repolarization |
| Rapid Depolarization | Membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions that depolarizes sarcolemma, instigates sodium channels |
| Plateau | Sodium ions are pumped out of cell and calcium ions enter, instigates slow calcium channels |
| Repolarization | Potassium ions rush out of cells producing rapid repolarization, instigates slow potassium channels |
| Refractory Period | Cell membrane is unresponsive and occurs during plateau phase |
| Ion During Plateau Phase | Calcium (II) Ion |
| Oxygen for Cardiac Contraction | Oxygen molecules bounded to heme unit of myoglobin molecules |
| Systole | Heart Contraction |
| Diastole | Heart Relaxation |
| Cardiac Cycle Phases | 1.) Atrial Systole 2.) Atrial Systole Ends, Diastole Begins 3.) Ventricular Systole, First Phase 4.) Ventricular Systole, Second Phase 5.) Ventricular Diastole, Early 6.) Ventricular Diastole, Late |
| Atrial Systole | Atria contracts with blood flowing to ventricles |
| End Diastolic Volume (EDV) | Amount of blood in each ventricles at end of ventricular diastole, start of ventricular systole |
| Blood Capacity Rate | Ventricles = 70% Capacity Atria = Remaining 30% |
| Ventricular Systole | Ventricles contract and AV valves are shut closed |
| Isovolumetric Contraction | Heart valves are closed, volumes of ventricles not changing, and ventricular pressure rising |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Amount ventricles eject during ventricular ejection |
| End Systolic Volume (ESV) | Amount of blood remaining in each ventricle after ventricular systole, start of ventricular diastole |
| Ventricle Diastole | Ventricles relax with blood flow against the semilunar valves, causing them to close |
| Isovolumetric Relaxation | When blood cannot flow to the ventricles, because of ventricular pressure being higher than arterial pressure |
| S1 | Start of Ventricular contraction, AV valves close, Semilunar valves open |
| S2 | Beginning of ventricular filling, Semilunar valves close, AV valves open |
| S3 | Blood flowing into ventricles |
| S4 | Atrial Contractions |
| Cardio Dynamics | Movements and forces generated during cardiac contractions |
| Stroke Volume Explanation | Hand pump of a full up and down, EDV = Lifting handle upward and amount of water to be pumped, ESV = Lifting handle downward and amount of water released |
| Ejection Fraction | Percentage of EDV represented by Stroke Volume (SV) |
| Largest Stroke Volume | Larger EDV and smaller ESV |
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute |
| Cardiac Output Equation | Heart Rate * Stroke Volume |
| Cardiac Plexus | Nerve network located at the base of the heart |
| Medulla Oblongata | Contains autonomic headquarters for cardiac control, located at base of the brain |
| Cardiac Acceleratory Centers | Controls sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate |
| Cardioinhibitory Centers | Controls parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate |
| Cardiac Centers Monitors ... | 1.) Baroreceptors 2.) Chemoreceptors |
| Baroreceptors | Report changes in blood pressure |
| Chemoreceptors | Report changes in arterial concentrations of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Vagus Nerves | Nerves that are connected with parasympathetic neurons, where a cut could produced increase heart rate |
| Venous Return | Amount of blood returning to heart through veins |
| Depolarization | Contraction of heart |
| Repolarization | Resting of the heart |
| EDV Factors to Stroke Volume | 1.) Filling time 2.) Preload 3.) Larger EDV 4.) Limitation to ventricle expansion |
| ESV Factors to Stroke Volume | 1.) Preload 2.) Contractility of ventricles 3.) Afterload |
| Contractility | Amount of force produced during contraction |
| Positive Inotropic Action | Factors that increase contractility |
| Negative Inotropic Action | Factors that decrease contractility |
| Afterload | Amount of tension that contracting ventricles must produce to open semilunar valves and eject blood |
| Afterload Increase = | Stroke Volume Decrease |
| Cardiac Reserve | Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output |
Created by:
JGonzalezP1
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