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anatomy physiology
anatomy physiology s
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscles may be named according to: | function. direction of fibers. points of attachment. all of the above. all of the above. |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | spiral |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the: | perimysium |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? | Sartorius |
| Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be: | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| Which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? | transverse abdominis |
| Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm | Trapezius |
| The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. | 3rd |
| The teres major and teres minor muscles move the: | arm |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the: | endomysium. |
| The soleus muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | pennate |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes. |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathet |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Schwann cells have a function in the PNS that is similar to that of which cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the | astrocytes. |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. | 6 |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? | pineal gland |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: | medulla |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | sensory |
| The pyramids are formed in the: | medulla |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| The brainstem does not include the: | cerebellum |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. | cervical |
| If you were to damage some of the preganglionic fibers that enter the celiac ganglion, what effect would this have on sympathetic stimulation? | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation. |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | Brachial |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the | limbic system |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| Impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum? | Reticular activating system |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | tenth |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles. |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals. |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air |
| In clinical medicine, the term _____ is used to describe an arterial blood pH of less than 7.5. | acidosis |
| A common type of electrolyte imbalance in which potassium is lost from the body, resulting in a serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L, is | hypokalemia |
| The two major types of control systems that operate to maintain the constancy of pH are | physiological and chemical |
| What two factors together determine urine volume? | glomerular filtration rate and rate of water reabsorption |
| Although both acid and base components are important, the homeostasis of body pH largely depends on the control of _____ ion concentration in the _____ fluid. | hydrogen; extracellular |
| Organic substances with the type of bond that does not permit the compound to break up in a solution are called | nonelectrolytes. |
| According to Starling’s law of the capillaries, the control mechanism for water exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid consists of all of the following pressures except _____ pressure. | colloid diffusion |
| Normal blood pH and acid-base balance depend on the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid buffer pair being _____ in the extracellular fluid. | 20:1 |
| Abnormally excessive water losses constitute a volume deficit and can lead to a state of dehydration or | hypovolemia |
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Catorraschulte
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