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Tamra Armstrong
Anatomy midterm lab 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anabolism and how does it differ from catabolism? | Anabolism - gluconeogenesis. When the liver and kidneys produce glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. Small to large molecules. Catabolism is digestion and molecules break down, large to small. |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unrepaired electrons are in its outer shell? | 4, with 2 on the inner shell. |
| Describe what applies to the atomic number, atomic mass, and proton number with a magnesium atom that has an atomic # of 12, an atomic mass of 25 and a +2 charge. | The atomic number is the number of protons, 12 in this case. The atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons added, which helps to show the number of neutrons and electrons. If the total mass is 25, the number of neutrons is 13 (mass minus proton #). The number of electrons is protons minus the charge. For magnesium, that is 12 minus +2 = 10 electrons. |
| What is an effector? | An effector is a molecule that selectively binds to a protein and regulates biological activity. |
| What is the Octet Rule? | The Octet Rule refers to stability of the atom. This is the rule that fewer than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms in order to achieve stability. |
| Is Hydroxyl (OH-) acidic or basic? | Basic. |
| Is Hydrogen (H+) acidic or basic? | Acidic. |
| How many protons and neutrons does tritium have? | One proton, two neutrons. |
| What do catabolism, anabalism, and ATP requirements have in common? | These are included in the study of metabolism. |
| Describe synthesis reaction. | This is the type of reaction that substances are combined to form more complex substances. Think about how synthesis is putting things together to produce something new. |
| What types of substances accept hydrogen ions? | Bases. (Alkaline) |
| What is an example of a catabolic process? | Hydrolysis. |
| As solution that is more hydroxide ion concentration than hydrogen ions is: | Alkaline, or basic. |
| What is an isotope? | It is an element that contains different numbers of neutrons from other atoms of the same element. |
| What are properties of water? | High specific heat, high heat of vaporization, strong polarity. |
| What are transport proteins? | These exist in the matrix of the plasma membrane where some of these proteins act as a passageway for Sodium ions (Na+). |
| Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? Heart, liver, spinal cord, urinary bladder. | spinal cord. |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| Regarding directional terms, superior means | toward the head. |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron. |
| The most superficial layer of the epidermis | stratum corneum. |
| The tip of the nose and the external ear are composed of | Elastic cartilage. |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | Extracellular matrix. |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | carbohydrates and proteoglycans. |
| Protein compound most abundant in the human body. | collagen. |
| Keratinocytes become filled with a tough fibrous protein called | Keratin. |
| Which muscle contains intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle. |
| What is the basement membrane? | the union of basal and fibroreticular laminae |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage |
| What are synovial membranes? | Connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints. |
| Where are osteocytes found? | Bones |
| Which tissues lacks a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | Cartilage |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| What do endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm have in common? | All are germ layers. (Epiderm is not a germ layer). |
| Classification for all glands: | Endocrine or exocrine |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Lubricating substance produced by goblet cells | Mucus |
| What junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| What is the matrix? | Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material |
| What three kinds of microscopic glands for skin glands. | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Examples of a serous membrane | pleura, peritoneum, pericardium |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | Epithelial and connective |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| What is arrector pili muscle? | Small bundles of involuntary muscles that have hair follicles attached |
| Most abundant tissue in the body | connective |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | Epithelial |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | Hypodermis |
| Two main layers of skin | dermis and epidermis ... Hypodermis is not a layer of skin. |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer. | reticular |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| What happens when atoms combine? | They may lose, gain, or share electrons. |
| What determines the kind of element? | The number of protons. |
| What element is a trace element in the body? | Iron. |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition. |
| What is it called when the formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water? | Dehydration synthesis. |
| How is an ionic bond is formed? | A positive and a negative ion attracting each other with the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. |
| An example of an element would be: | Ne. In this scenario, remember that the element is the most simplified. |
| What is the approximate pH of gastric fluid? | 2. |
| Of these, which is not one of the major elements present in the human body? Oxygen, zinc, carbon, or potassium. | Zinc. |
| What are characteristics of acid? | Acids are proton donors, taste sour, and release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. |
| What will red litmus paper do in the presence of a base? | Turn blue. |
| What is the most abundant and important compound in the body? | Water. |
| An isotope of an element contains different numbers of ____ from other atoms of the same element. | Neutrons. |
| What is a negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus? | Electron. |
| What type of reaction is AB + CD → AD + CB? | Exchange. |
| What type of reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is needed to form water? | Synthesis reaction. |
| Is radon a subatomic particle? | No. |
| What are subatomic particles? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| What larger group of compounds do acids, bases, and salts belong to? | Electrolytes. |
| What type of reaction is the most likely to require energy? | Synthesis. |
| Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be: | Polar. |
| What is the breakdown of complex substances to simpler substances? | Decomposition. |
| What are characteristics of salts? | They can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases, they are electrolytes, and they will form crystals if the water is removed. |
| How many electrons does an atom have on its outermost shell if it is chemically inert? | Eight. |
| If electrolytes have a positive charge, what are they called? | Cations. |
| What are covalent bonds? | Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons. |
| As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? | Hydrolysis. |
| What does a weak acid do in solution? | Dissociates very little. |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n): | Element. |
| How does hydrolysis work? | Hydrolysis breaks down compounds by adding a water molecule. |
| What is the most abundant element essential to life? | Carbon. |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be: | Polar. |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must: | Lose an electron. |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? | 96%. |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of: | Protons in its nucleus. |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) increases, the: | It becomes more basic and the pH rises. |
| Characteristics of a polar molecule: | It can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge. |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n): | Isotope. |
| What are all of the chemical reactions in the body called? | Metabolism. |
| What is the force holding two atoms together called? | Chemical bond. |
| What is the gel-like substance that the inside of the cell is composed largely? | Cytoplasm. |
| What is the plasma membrane composed of? | Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. (Not tubulin protein). |
| What is a major function of the cell membrane? | To control what enters and leaves the cell. |
| What is the membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes? | Peroxisome. |
| Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell, which organelle is the site of ATP production? | Mitochondrion. |
| This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases. | Lysosome. |
| Ribosomes are organelles that: | Float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus. |
| Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false? -They determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. - Some attach to the glycocalyx. - Most extend all the way through the membrane. - They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. | They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. |
| What are cytoskeleton elements? | Microtubule, intermediate filament, and microfilament. Centrioles are NOT. |
| Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? | Gap junction. |
| What is the only organelle that has a double membrane structure? | Mitochondrion. |
| Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? | Microvilli. |
| What organelle has both a cis and a trans face? | Golgi apparatus. |
| Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged as: | A bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae and has a double membrane. | Mitochondria. |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? | Microtubules. |
| In the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. Some of these proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are called: | Transport proteins. |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the: | Plasma membrane. |
| Which organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells? | Peroxisome. |
| A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the “command center” of the cell is the: | NUCLEUS. |
| This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell. | Rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. | Rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? | Centrosome. |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the: | Rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| What are functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | Supplies membrane for use throughout the cell, makes steroid hormones, and makes glycoproteins. (NOT provides a site for ribosome attachment ). |
| The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a: | Ovum (a female sex cell). |
| What are the characteristics of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | It makes lipids and carbohydrates, it is made of broad flattened sacs, and it has many ribosomes attached to it. (All of these are correct.) |
| What is the nucleolus chiefly composed of? | rRNA. |
| Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? | Primary cilium. |
| What type of cells recognize and destroy nonself cells? | Immune cells. |
| The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center. | centrosome |
| DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle? | Nucleus. |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | Microvilli. |
| What are skin cells (epithelial) held tightly together by? | Desmosomes. |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: | Chromotin. |
| The membranous structure containing substances that protect the cell from harm are: | Lysosomes and peroxisomes. |
| What are caveolae? | Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves. |
| Characteristics of ribosomes are: | They contain protein, are composed of a large unit and a small unit, and contain RNA. (They are not surrounded by a membrane structure.) |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi apparatus. |
| Rafts are stiff groupings of membrane molecules. What is their function? | They help organize the various components of the plasma membrane, play an important role in the pinching of a parent cell into two daughter cells, and sometimes allow the cell to form depressions that form a means of carrying substances into the cell. |
| What is the fundamental organization of life? | The cell. |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | Lysosomes. |
| What are structures and functions of the proteasome? | Breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER It looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits, and it requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in. |
| Main cell structures include: | Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and organelles. (NOT interstitial fluid). |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: | Peroxisomes. |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle? | Mitochondrion. |
| Which organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle? | Ribosome. (Remember that mitochondrion have double membranes, and Golgi apparatus have membranes, but not Ribosomes). |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell? | Proteasomes. |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the: | Glycoprotein molecules. |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called: | Microvilli. |
| The name of the structure that propels sperm. | Flagellum. |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Cholesterol. |
| What is the structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue? | Plasma membrane. |
| What are projections from the cell that move materials and mucus called? | Cilia. |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the: | Phospholipid layer. |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament. |
| What are functions of the integral membrane proteins? | They act as receptors, signal transduction, and are identification of “self”. |
| In the cell membrane, the how does the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule position? | It faces the exterior of the cell AND also faces the interior of the cell. |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the: | Neuron |
| Which is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | stratum corneum |
| What is the deepest layer of the epidermis? | stratum basale |
| The tip of the nose and the external ear are composed of | elastic cartilage |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | Extracellular matrix. |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans. |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? | Collagen |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | Keratin |
| Which muscle contains intercalated discs? | Cardiac muscle. |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the | basement membrane |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage |
| The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called _____ membranes. | synovial. |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? | bone |
| Which tissue lacks a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | cartilage |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | epiderm |
| All glands in the body can be classified as either | exocrine and endocrine |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium. |
| A lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called | mucus |
| The _____ junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a | matrix |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which of the following is an example of a serous membrane? pleura peritoneum pericardium | All of these. |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscle. |
| The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial. |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the: | dermis and epidermis |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer. | reticular |
| The extracellular components of bone matrix are | hard and calcified |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the | lumbar vertebrae |
| Which bone is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | femur |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the | sternum |
| Which of the following bones form the framework of the hand? | metacarpals |
| If you are working on an archeological dig and find the remains of a human pelvis with a subpubic angle of 110 degrees, you can assume that this pelvis belongs to a | female |
| The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the | patella |
| The two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the | radius and ulna |
| The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the | diaphysis |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis. |
| Which of the following is not a type of bone? flat irregular short long regular | regular |
| Spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| Of the five metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the _____ metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones. | thumb |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally? | fibula |
| Why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs? | Floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum. |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called | osteons |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? | pubis |
| Which bone serves as the keystone in the architecture of the cranium? | sphenoid. |
| What structures normally hold the foot bones firmly in their arched positions? | ligaments and tendons |
| Which of the following is a bone in the axial skeleton? | vertebra |
| The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the | periosteum |
| Bones of the leg: | femur, tibia, and fibula (patella is a knee bone that might be considered depending on the list, but mandible is not). |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | carpals |
| Anteriorly, each rib of the first seven pairs attaches to the | sternum |
| Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called | myeloid tissue |
| The most common type of cartilage is | hyaline |
| The bone that articulates with the temporal bone in the only movable joint of the skull is the | mandible |
| Which of the following is a facial bone? zygomatic bone occipital bone parietal bone all of the above | Zygomatic one. The occipital and parietal bones are not part of the facial bones. |
| Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue. | connective |
| Which muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? | Transverse abdominus. |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis. |
| The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named for its: | points of attachment. |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move. The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves. When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin. | All of these are correct. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Flexor. |
| The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: | anterior medial surface of the forearm. |
| The muscle(s) assisting in rotating the arm outward is (are) the: | teres minor. |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? | Sacrospinalis |
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. True or false. | True. |
| A muscle that assists with mastication is the: | masseter. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Rectus and femoris. |
| The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is the: | latissimus dorsi. |
| The muscle that flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm is the: | brachioradialis. |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | spiral. |
| Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be: | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. |
| The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the: | triceps brachii. |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? | Sartorius. |
| Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: | clavicle and scapula. |
| Which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? | pectoralis minor. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true? | The knee is acting as a fulcrum. (NOT first or second class levers!) |
| The action of the brachialis muscle is to _____ the forearm. | flex. |
| Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n): | muscle fiber. |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the head is incorrect? | The splenius capitis muscle is sometimes called the prayer muscle because it causes the head to bow. |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamstring group, the injury is on the: | posterior thigh. |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | biceps brachii. |
| Which body systems assists the muscles in maintaining posture? | Exocrine, endocrine, digestive. As well as other systems. |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot. |
| The prime mover can also be called the: | agonist. |
| Muscles may be named according to: | function, direction of fibers, points of attachment. And other criteria. |
| Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm? | Trapezius. |
| The pectoralis major muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | convergent. |
| Which of the following is not a group of pennate muscles? bipennate, tripennate, multipennate. | tripennate is not a pennate muscle. |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | prime mover. |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the: | endomysium. |
| The soleus muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | pennate. |
| Muscles that are part of the rotator cuff muscles: | infraspinatus. supraspinatus, teres minor. (NOT deltoid). |
| Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover are called: | synergists |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the: | Perimysium. |
| What glia cells are found in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells and satellite cells |
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