Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P chapter 1
key terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of the body |
| Anterior | Toward the front of the body |
| Distal | Farthest from the point of origin |
| Dorsal cavity | Located at the back of the body; contains the cranial and spinal cavities |
| Frontal plane | Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions |
| Homeostasis | The state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body |
| Inferior | Beneath or lower |
| Lateral | Away from the body’s midline |
| Medial | Toward the body’s midline |
| Negative feedback | When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change |
| Organ | Structures of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function |
| Organelle | Metabolic units (or “tiny organs”) within a cell that perform a specific function necessary to the life of the cell |
| Pathophysiology | The study of disorders of functioning |
| Physiology | The study of how the body functions |
| Positive feedback | When the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change |
| Posterior | Toward the back of the body |
| Proximal | Closest to the point of origin |
| Sagittal plane | Divides the body into right and left sides |
| Superficial | At or near the body’s surface |
| Superior | Situated above something else |
| Tissue | Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function |
| Transverse plane | Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions |
| Ventral cavity | Located at the front of the body; consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Cell | The smallest living units in the human body |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A molecule that carries all the genetic information of a cell, necessary for growth and development |
| Distal | Farthest from the center of the body or point of origin |
| Filtration | The process of separating particles and water across a membrane |
| Homeostasis | The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite environmental changes |
| Hydrostatic pressure | Pressure that is exerted by water at equilibrium |
| Isotonic | When the concentration of a solution in a cell is the same as outside a cell |
| Negative feedback | When a stimulus is opposed and the direction of change is reversed |
| Organ | Two or more tissues organized to carry out a specific function |
| Organelles | Specialized structures that perform distinct tasks, contributing to cellular metabolism |
| Positive feedback | When a stimulus is enhanced and the direction of change is amplified |
| Ribosomes | Granules of proteins and RNA found on the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Acid | Any substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution |
| Amino acids | Organic compounds containing an amino (NH2) group and a carboxyl (COOH) group that are the building blocks of proteins |
| Anabolism | The constructive phase of metabolism during which cells use nutrients and energy for growth and repair |
| Anion | An ion with a negative electrical charge |
| Atom | The smallest part of an element; consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an element |
| Atomic weight | The number of protons and neutrons added together |
| Base | Any substance that combines with hydrogen ions |
| Carbohydrates | Group of organic compounds known as starches or sugars that serves as the body’s primary source of energy |
| Catabolism | Phase of metabolism during which complex substances are converted to simpler ones, resulting in the release of chemical energy |
| Cations | An ion with a positive electrical charge |
| Compound | Chemical combination of two or more elements |
| Covalent bond | Bond formed between two atoms when the atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Electrolyte | A compound that dissociates in water to create a solution capable of conducting electricity |
| Electron | Minute particle with a negative electrical charge that revolves around the nucleus of an atom |
| Element | A substance that cannot be separated into substances different from itself |
| Enzymes | Substances that change the rate of chemical reactions without being changed themselves |
| Glucose | Monosaccharide that serves as the primary source of energy for most of the body’s cells |
| Hydrogen bond | A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another |
| Ion | Electrically charged atom |
| Ionic bond | Bond formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom |
| Isotope | One of a series of chemical elements that have nearly identical chemical properties but different atomic weights and electrical charges; many are radioactive |
| Lipid | Group of fats characterized by their insolubility in water |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and occupies space |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body |
| Molecule | A combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Neutron | Particle without an electrical charge contained in the nucleus of an atom (along with protons) |
| pH | A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Proteins | Very large molecules consisting of smaller chemical subunits called amino acids |
| Proton | Particle with a positive electrical charge contained in the nucleus of an atom (along with neutrons) |
| Triglyceride | Most abundant lipid that functions as a source of energy in the body |
| Active transport | Transport process in which solutes move from areas of lesser to greater concentration; requires energy in the form of ATP |
| Cilia | Hair-like processes on the surface of the cell that propel materials across a surface |
| Cytoplasm | The gel-like substance surrounding the nucleus and filling the cell |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Large polymer of a nucleotide that carries the genetic information of a cell |
| Diffusion | A passive transport mechanism that involves the movement of particles from an area of higher to lower concentration |
| Endocytosis | Form of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell |
| Exocytosis | Form of vesicular transport that releases substances outside the cell(pooping proteins) |
| Facilitated diffusion | Transport process involving the diffusion of a substance through a channel protein |
| Filtration | Transport process in which water and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower pressure |
| Golgi apparatus | Prepares proteins and packages them for export to other parts of the body |
| Hydrostatic pressure | Pressure exerted by water |
| Hypertonic | Pertains to a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to the fluid within the cell |
| Hypotonic | Pertains to a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes compared to the fluid within the cell |
| Isotonic | Pertains to a solution in which the concentration of solutes in the solution is the same as the concentration of solutes in the cell |
| Microvilli | Folds of a cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell to facilitate absorption |
| Mitochondria | Organelle that converts organic compounds into ATP |
| Mitosis | Type of cell division in which the “mother” cells splits into two identical daughter cells |
| Nucleus | The cell’s “control center” that contains a complete set of 46 chromosomes |
| Organelles | The structures within the cell that perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism |
| Osmosis | A passive transport mechanism involving the diffusion of water from an area of greater concentration of water(and a lesser concentration of solutes) to an area of lesser concentration of water(and a greater concentration of solutes) |
| Osmotic pressure | Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis |
| Phagocytosis | Process in which large particles are trapped in the plasma membrane and brought into the cell(eating) |
| Pinocytosis | Process in which fluid and dissolved particles are trapped in the plasma membrane and brought into the cell(drinking) |
| Plasma membrane | The external boundary of the cell |
| Polymer | Large molecule consisting of many smaller molecules joined in sequence |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Nucleotide that assists in protein synthesis, made by nucleus |
| Ribosomes | Granules of protein and RNA scattered throughout the cytoplasm; some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell through osmosis |
| Nerve cells | Long extensions allow these cells to quickly transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. |
| Muscle cells | Elongated, thread-like fibers can shorten to allow body parts to move. |
| Red blood cells | Concave shape allows these cells to bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels. |
| Gland cells | Intracellular sacs store and release substances, such as hormones, enzymes, mucus, and sweat. |
| Immune cells | These cells can recognize and destroy foreign invaders (such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria). Some engulf or destroy foreign cells directly; others manufacture antibodies. |
| Microvilli | are folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell |
| Cilia | are hair-like processes along the surface of a cell. Unlike microvilli, cilia move. They beat in waves, always in the same direction. |
| Flagella | are similar to cilia in that they are also hair-like projections that move. However, flagella are thicker, longer, and fewer in number. Flagella have a whip-like motion that helps move a cell. |
| Centrioles | Two lie perpendicular to each other just outside the nucleus. These bundles of microtubules play a role in cell division. |
| Lysosomes | are membranous vesicles that form from pinched-off pieces of the Golgi apparatus. Inside, they contain various enzymes that help break down protein the cell doesn’t need. “cellular garbage disposals.” |
| First gap phase (G1) | The cell performs the tasks for which it was created (such as carrying oxygen, secreting digestive enzymes, etc.). It accumulates the materials it will need to replicate its DNA. |
| Synthesis phase (S) | The cell makes, or synthesizes, an extra set of DNA. |
| Second gap phase (G2) | The cell makes final preparations for cell division, including synthesizing necessary enzymes. |
| Mitotic phase (M) | Cell division occurs. (See the following section, “Mitosis,” for a detailed discussion of this phase.) |
| Interphase | The time between mitotic phases (which includes phases G1, S, and G2) |
| G0 (G-zero) | Following mitosis some cells leave the cycle and enter a period of rest in which they don’t divide. This phase can last for days, years, or even decades. |
| Chondrocyte | A cartilage forming cell |
| Condyle | A round prominence at the end of a bone |
| Diaphysis | The central portion or shaft of a long bone |
| Epidermis | The outermost layer of the skin |
| Epiphysis | The end or head of a long bone |
| Fibroblasts | Cells within connective tissue |
| Fossa | A depression or hollow |
| Melanocyte | A skin cell that produces melanin |
| Osteoclasts | A bone cell that absorbs old or unhealthy bone tissue |
| Osteocyte | A bone forming cell |
| Subcutaneous | Situated beneath the skin |
| Sutures | An immovable joint or junction |
| Simple squamous epithelium | Consists of a single layer of flat, scale-like cells • Allows for ready diffusion or filtration because of thinness, example, Alveoli, Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels. |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Consists of a single layer of cube-like cells, Secretes and absorbs, in Ducts and tubules of many organs, including the kidneys. |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Consists of a single layer of columnar cells, Participates in absorption Secretes mucus by goblet cells (modified columnar cells)Lines the intestines. |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells, Cells of different heights with nuclei at different levels makes it appear stratified, Provides protection, Secretes mucus, Lines trachea, large bronchi, and nasal Mucosa. |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | Contains multiple cell layers (making is stronger than simple epithelia)The most widespread epithelium in the body, Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogens, Some contain keratin (such as the epidermis); some do not (such as the mucous membranes). |
| Transitional epithelium | Consists of multiple cell layers, When stretched, cell layers decrease and cell, shape changes from cuboidal to squamous, Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract, Urinary tract, Types of Epithelial Tissue. |
| Areolar tissue | Beneath the epithelia; between muscles; surrounding blood vessels and nerves,Connects tissues and organs together(such as skin to muscles). |
| Adipose tissue | Beneath the skin, breast, heart’s surface; surrounding kidneys and eyes, Provides protective cushion, insulation; stores energy. |
| Reticular tissue | Spleen; lymph nodes; bone marrow, Provides a supportive framework. |
| Hyaline cartilage | Ends of bones in joints; connecting point between ribs and sternum; rings in trachea and bronchi; larynx; fetal skeleton, Eases joint movement; firm but flexible support. |
| Elastic cartilage | External ear, Provides flexible support. |
| Fibrocartilage | Intervertebral discs; knee joint; pelvis Resists compression and absorbs shock. |
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | Tendons; ligaments; fascia; dermis of the skin Provides durable support. |
| Bone tissue | Skeleton Provides support, protection; serves as calcium reservoir. |
| Blood tissue | Inside blood vessels throughout the body, Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, wastes from one part of the body to another. |
| Collagenous fibers | These are strong and flexible but resist stretching; these are the most abundant fibers. |
| Reticular fibers | These occur in networks and support small structures such as capillaries and nerve fibers. |
| Elastic fibers | Made of a protein called elastin, these fibers can stretch and recoil like a rubber band. |
| Neurons | the units that conduct nervous impulses |
| Neuroglia | which protect and assist neurons. |
| Soma | in each neuron is a large cell body, The soma contains the nucleus of the nerve cell as well as the organelles. |
| Dendrites | these are multiple, short processes extending from the soma, The dendrites receive impulses from other cells, which they then transmit to the soma. |
| Axon | The neuron contains a single, long nerve fiber called the the axon it transmits signals to other cells. |
| Skeletal muscle | consists of long, thin cells called (muscle fibers, striated, or voluntary muscle) Most skeletal muscle is attached to bone, makes body movements possible, also breathing, speech, control of urination, and facial expression. |
| Cardiac muscle | is found only in the heart, striated, cells are shorter, the cells are joined together with junctions called intercalated discs, allowing electrical impulses to spread rapidly from cell to cell for rapid contraction, cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle. |
| Smooth muscle | long, spindle-shaped cells, lacks the striped pattern of striated muscle, autonomic nervous system, not voluntary control, lines walls of organs, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, controls diameter of blood vessels, blood pressure and flow. |
| Regeneration | occurs when damaged tissue cells are replaced with the same type of cells, resulting in functional new tissue, Most injuries to the skin, such as cuts and scrapes, heal this way. |
| Fibrosis | occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue, which is composed mainly of collagen, it doesn’t restore normal function, Severe cuts or burns, muscle and nerve tissue, causing a loss of at least partial function. |
| 4 steps to bone repair | hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, bone remodeling. |
| Mucous membranes | secrete mucus, line body surfaces that open directly to the body’s exterior, such as the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. |
| Cutaneous membrane | Known as the skin, this is the body’s largest membrane. It consists of a layer of epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue. |
| synovial membranes | line the spaces between bones, where they secrete synovial fluid to prevent friction during movement. |
| Adipose tissue | Type of loose connective tissue dominated by fat cells |
| Areolar tissue | Type of loose connective tissue that lies beneath almost all epithelia |
| Chondrocytes | Cartilage-forming cells |
| Columnar epithelium | Epithelial tissue composed of cells having a tall, columnar shape |
| Connective tissue | The most widespread, and the most varied, of all the tissues; serves to connect the body together and to support, bind, or protect organs |
| Cuboidal epithelium | Epithelial tissue consisting of cells having a cube-like shape |
| Endocrine gland | A gland that secretes its product, called a hormone, directly into the bloodstream |
| Epithelium | The layer of cells forming the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous and serous membranes |
| Exocrine gland | A gland that secretes its product into a duct, which then empties onto a body surface or inside a body cavity |
| Fibroblasts | Cells that secrete collagen, which forms scar tissue inside a wound |
| Fibrosis | The repair and replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue, mainly collagen |
| Glandular epithelium | Type of epithelium consisting of glands that secrete a particular substance |
| Goblet cell | Modified columnar cell containing secretory vesicles that produce large quantities of mucus |
| Granulation tissue | Newly formed tissue inside a wound |
| Mucous membrane | Epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces that open directly to the body’s exterior |
| Muscle tissue | Tissue consisting of contractile cells or fibers that effect movement of an organ or body part |
| Nervous tissue | Tissue with a high degree of excitability and conductivity that makes up the nervous system |
| Osseous tissue | Bone tissue |
| Osteocytes | Bone-forming cells |
| Reticular tissue | Tissue consisting of a loose network of reticular fibers and cells; forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. |
| Serous membrane | Membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; lines some of the closed body cavities and also covers many of the organs in those cavities |
| Squamous epithelium | Epithelial tissue consisting of thin, flat cells |
| Stem cell | Specialized cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells |
| Tissue | Groups of similar cells that perform a common function |
| loose connective tissue | The most widely distributed of all tissues, has a stretchable quality, types are areolar, adipose, and reticular. |
| Cartilage | Composed of cells called chondrocytes, has a rubbery, flexible matrix, contains no blood vessels, receives nutrients and oxygen by diffusion from surrounding connective tissue, heals slowly if at all, three types, hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. |
| Collagen | is the body’s most abundant protein, helps form tendons, ligaments, and the matrix of cartilage and bone, collagen forms the deep layer of the skin. |
| Acne | Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, especially during puberty, in which the follicle becomes blocked with keratinocytes and sebum; this results in whiteheads (comedos), while continued inflammation produces pus, causing pimples. |
| Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin characterized by itching and redness, often the result of exposure to chemicals or toxins (such as poison ivy). |
| Eczema | Itchy, red rash caused by an allergy; lesions initially weep or ooze serum and may become crusted, thickened, or scaly. |
| Impetigo | Contagious bacterial infection of the skin (usually caused by streptococci or staphylococci), producing yellow to red weeping, crusted, or pustular lesions around the nose, mouth, or cheeks or on the extremities. |
| Psoriasis | A recurring skin disorder characterized by red papules and scaly silvery plaques with sharply defined borders. |
| Tinea | Any fungal infection of the skin; usually occurs in moist areas such as the groin, axilla, and foot (athlete’s foot). |
| Urticaria | Allergic reaction resulting in multiple red patches (wheals) that are intensely itchy. |
| Blackhead | oxidation of accumulated sebum. |
| Apocrine glands | Glands located mainly in axillary and anogenital areas that secrete sweat in response to stress and sexual stimulation. |
| Ceruminous gland | Gland in the external ear canal that secretes waxy cerumen. |
| Cutaneous membrane | The skin. |
| Dermis | The layer of the skin lying immediately under the epidermis. |
| Eccrine glands | Glands located throughout the body that secrete sweat directly onto the skin’s surface, which helps control body temperature. |
| Epidermis | The outermost layer of the skin. |
| Hair follicle | A sheath of epidermis surrounding each hair. |
| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous tissue composed mostly of fat lying under the dermis. |
| Keratin | A tough, fibrous protein that provides structural strength to the skin, hair, and nails. |
| Melanin | Pigment produced by melanocytes that gives color to the hair and skin. |
| Sebaceous gland | Glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum into each hair follicle. |
| Stratum Basale | The innermost layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are germinated. |
| Stratum corneum | The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, flattened cells called keratinocytes. |
| Subcutaneous | Beneath the skin. |
| Articular cartilage | Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis. |
| Canaliculi | Microscopic passageways that connect lamellae to each other. |
| Cancellous bone | Spongy bone found in the ends of long bones and the middle of most other bones |
| Compact bone | Dense solid bone that forms the shafts of long bones and the outer surfaces of other bones. |
| Diaphysis | The central shaft-like portion of a long bone. |
| Endochondral ossification | Process in the fetus whereby cartilaginous skeleton transforms into bone. |
| Endosteum | Thin epithelial membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity. |
| Epiphyseal plate | Layer of cartilage separating the epiphysis from the diaphysis at each end of a long bone; the site where bone growth occurs. |
| Epiphysis | The head of each end of a long bone. |
| Haversian canal | Central canal in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves; surrounded by lamellae. |
| Intramembranous ossification | Process in the fetus whereby fibrous connective tissue evolves into bone. |
| Lacunae | Tiny gaps between rings of lamellae in compact bone. |
| Lamellae | Concentric rings of matrix surrounding haversian canal in compact bone. |
| Medullary cavity | The central hollow portion of a long bone that contains bone marrow. |
| Osseous tissue | Bone tissue. |
| Ossification | The creation of new bone. |
| Osteoblast | Bone-forming cell. |
| Osteoclasts | Bone cells that dissolve old or unhealthy bone. |
| Osteocyte | Mature osteoblast. |
| Osteon | Basic structural unit of compact bone consisting of a haversian canal and surrounding Lamellae. |
| Periosteum | Dense fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis. |
| Remodeling | Reshaping or reconstructing part of a bone. |
| Resorption | The destruction of old bone; part of the bone remodeling process. |
| Spongy bone | Also called cancellous bone; found in the ends of long bones and the middle of most other bones. |
| Trabeculae | Latticework of osseous tissue that makes up the structure of spongy or cancellous bone. |
| Appendicular skeleton | Bones making up the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder Areas. |
| Articulation | The site of close approximation of two or more bones. |
| Axial skeleton | The skeleton that forms the central supporting axis of the body. |
| Carpal bones | Small bones of the wrist. |
| Condyle | Rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint. |
| Crest | A moderately raised ridge. |
| Epicondyle | A bump superior to a Condyle. |
| Facet | A flat surface. |
| False pelvis | Portion of the pelvis that extends between the edges of the iliac bones. |
| Fontanel | Un-fused area of an infant’s Skull. |
| Fossa | A furrow or depression. |
| Foramen | A round opening in a bone, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves. |
| Head | The prominent, expanded end of a bone. |
| Kyphosis | An exaggerated thoracic Curvature. |
| Meatus | A tube-like opening. |
| Process | A projection or raised area. |
| Scoliosis | A lateral curvature of the Spine. |
| Sinus | Cavity in the skull filled with Air. |
| Sulcus | Groove or elongated Depression. |
| Sutures | Immovable joints of the skull. |
| Trochanter | A large process; found only on the femur. |
| True pelvis | Portion of the pelvis that extends between the pelvic brim. |
| Tubercle | A small, rounded process. |
| Tuberosity | A rough, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment. |
| Osteomyelitis | is an inflammation of bone and marrow, usually the result of a bacterial infection. |
| 4 Types of bones | long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone. |
| Red bone marrow | This is the bone marrow charged with producing red blood cells. Nearly all of a child’s bones contain red bone marrow. |
| Yellow bone marrow | red marrow is gradually replaced with fatty yellow marrow. marrow cells are saturated with fat, yellow marrow no longer produces blood cells. However, in cases of severe, chronic blood loss or anemia, yellow marrow can change back into red marrow. |
| Fontanels | “soft spots” |
| Osteoporosis | which means “porous bones,” is a condition in which bones lose so much mass they become extremely brittle. |
| closed reduction | broken bones can be manipulated into their original position without surgery. |
| open reduction | surgery is needed to reposition the bones, after which screws, pins, or plates may be used to stabilize the bones. |
| simple fracture | is one in which the bone remains aligned and the surrounding tissue is intact. |
| A compound fracture | is one in which the bone has pierced the skin, Damage to surrounding tissue, nerves, and blood vessels may be extensive. Also, because it has broken through the skin, there is an increased risk for infection. |
| greenstick fracture | is one in which the fracture is incomplete, similar to when a green stick breaks, This type of fracture typically occurs in young children because their bones contain more collagen, causing the bone to splinter rather than break completely. |
| comminuted fracture | the bone is broken into pieces, This type of fracture is most likely to occur in a car accident. |
| spiral fracture | the fracture line spirals around the bone, the result of a twisting force. The jagged bone ends often make this type of fracture difficult to reposition. |
| Condyle on bone | Rounded knob; usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint |
| Faceton bone | A flat surface |
| Head on bone | The prominent, expanded end of a bone |
| Crest on bone | A moderately raised ridge |
| Epicondyle on bone | A bump superior to a condyle |
| Process on bone | A projection or raised area |
| Spine on bone | A sharp, pointed process |
| Trochanter on bone | A large process; found only on the femur |
| Tubercle on bone | A small, rounded process |
| Tuberosity on bone | A rough, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment |
| Fossa in bone | A furrow or depression |
| Fovea in bone | A small pit |
| Sulcus in bone | Groove or elongated depression |
| Canal in bone | A tunnel through a bone |
| Fissure in bone | A long slit for blood vessels and nerves |
| Foramen in bone | A round opening, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves |
| Meatus in bone | A tube-like opening |
| Sinus in bone | Cavity within a bone |
| Skull (22 bones) | contains the cranium bones(8) and the face bones(14). |
| Cranium (8 bones) | Frontal (1),Parietal (2),Temporal (2),Occipital (1),Sphenoid (1),Ethmoid (1). |
| Face (14 bones) | Nasal (2),Maxillary (2),Zygomatic (2),Mandible (1),Lacrimal (2),Palatine (2),Inferior nasal conchae (2),Vomer (1). |
| Ear (6 bones) | Malleus (2),Incus (2),Stapes (2). |
| Hyoid bone (1 bone) | hourseshoe-shaped bone, anterior midline of neck between the chin and thyroid cartilage. |
| Vertebral column (26 bones) | Cervical vertebrae (7),Thoracic vertebrae (12),Lumbar vertebrae (5),Sacrum (1),Coccyx (1). |
| Thoracic cage (25 bones) | Sternum (1),Ribs (24). |
| Pectoral girdle (4 bones) | Scapula (2),Clavicle (2) |
| Upper limbs (60 bones) | Humerus (2),Radius (2),Ulna (2),Carpals (16),Metacarpals (10),Phalanges (28). |
| Pelvic girdle (2 bones) | Coxal (2) |
| Lower limbs (60 bones) | Femur (2),Patella (2),Tibia (2),Fibula (2),Tarsals (14),Metatarsals (10),Phalanges (28). |
| coronal suture | is the joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone. |
| lambdoidal suture | is the line of articulation between the parietal bones and the occipital bone. |
| squamous suture | runs along the top edge of the temporal bone. |
| sagittal suture | is the joint between the right and left parietal bones. |
| Kyphosis | or “hunchback,” is an exaggerated thoracic curvature, While it may result from poor posture, it’s also a common finding in individuals with osteoporosis. |
| Lordosis | or “swayback,” is an exaggerated lumbar curvature, It may result from osteoporosis, poor posture, or abdominal weight gain. |
| Atlas | C1 Depressions on each side of the vertebra articulate with bony projections from the occipital bone of the skull, When the head moves back and forth (such as when nodding “yes”), the projections rock back and forth in these depressions. |
| Axis | The C2 vertebra, has a projection called the dens, or odontoid process,The dens projects into the atlas and allows the head to swivel from side to side (such as when saying “no.”) |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter released from the end of motor neuron |
| Action potential | A nerve impulse |
| Afferent neuron | A sensory nerve that conducts an impulse toward the central nervous system |
| Efferent neuron | A motor neuron that conducts an impulse away from the central nervous system |
| Endocrine gland | Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | Chemicals secreted by glands and cells of the endocrine system |
| Motor unit | A neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
| Myofibrils | A bundle of proteins that fill the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber |
| Neurons | The cells the nervous systems that conduct impulses |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the body’s “digest and rest” response |
| Plexus | A network of nerves |
| Sarcomere | The functional unit of striated muscle |
| Sympathetic nervous system | The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for stimulating the body’s “fight or flight” response |
| Synaptic cleft | The space between the end of a motor neuron and the muscle fiber |
Created by:
jamaho79
Popular Anatomy sets