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Vickie Brown
Anatomy weeks 1-5
| As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to | the infero-medial aspect of the back |
| The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. | superior |
| An example of a tissue in the body is | Epithelium |
| The chest is ________ to the abdomen. | superior |
| The ________ system is involved in immunity. | lymphatic |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the _____ cavities. | abdominal and pelvic |
| True or False : The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into a cranial cavity and a spinal cavity. | True |
| A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. | Coronal |
| The brain is ________ to the skull. | Deep |
| The plane that divides the body into front and back portions is the _____ plane. | Coronal |
| Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? | developmental anatomy |
| All of the following are characteristics of human life except | synthesis by scientists. |
| The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the _____ cavity | dorsal |
| Another name for the midsagittal plane is | median. |
| Which organ is not found in the ventral body cavity? | spinal cord |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular |
| The inguinal region lies | where the thigh joins the trunk. |
| Muscles are ________ to the skin. | deep |
| Regarding directional terms, superior means | toward the head |
| Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant? | gallbladder |
| The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. | anterior |
| The knee is ________ to the foot. | proximal |
| A coronal section through the human body can | pass through both ears. |
| Physiology is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. | Function |
| The reproductive system includes all of the following except the: | Ureter |
| The mediastinum contains all of the following except the: | Right Lung |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except the: | heart. |
| point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n): | organ. |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. | right and left |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n): | tissue. |
| Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of life? | Balance |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region | right hypochondriac |
| The gallbladder lies in the: | abdominal cavity |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | ventral/dorsal. |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint? | Umbilicus |
| Blood production is a function of which system? | Skeletal |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n): | tissue. |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is: | coronal. |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| The lungs are located in the: | thoracic cavity. |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: | sagittal. |
| Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? | Arms extended from the shoulders, palms up |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are: | cells. |
| The number of abdominal regions is: | nine. |
| The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _____ plane. | transverse |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface? | Superficial |
| The structure that is called the “powerhouse” of the cell is the: | mitochondria |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | organelles. |
| An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n): | tissue. |
| Popliteal refers to the | area behind the knee. |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. | front and back |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| Molecules are: | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? | 96% |
| The element oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it contains | eight protons. |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) increases, the: | solution becomes more basic and pH rises. |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be | polar. |
| Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. This tendency is called the | octet rule |
| Salts: | Can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases, are electrolytes and will form crystals if the water is removed |
| A weak acid | dissociates very little in solution |
| As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? | hydrolysis |
| Electrolytes are: | called cations if they have a positive charge. |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) | element. |
| The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a: | synthesis reaction |
| Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be | polar. |
| The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon. |
| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called: | covalent. |
| The atomic number tells you the | number of protons in the nucleus. |
| Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the: | transfer of electrons from one atom to another. |
| A molecule that is polar: | can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge. |
| A force holding two atoms together is a(n) | chemical bond. |
| Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? | decomposition reaction |
| What decomposition reaction requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond? | hydrolysis |
| Acids: | release hydrogen ions. |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of: | protons in its nucleus. |
| Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called | electrolytes. |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) | isotope. |
| What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells? | metabolism |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____, and the solution becomes more _____. | down; acidic |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons | eight |
| Which of the following is not a subatomic particle? | Radon |
| The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| Hydrolysis _____ a water molecule. | breaks down compounds by adding |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must: | lose an electron. |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge? | Protons and electrons |
| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n) _____ bond. | covalent |
| Acids: | are proton donors, taste sour, release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution |
| The most abundant and important compound(s) in the body is(are): | water. |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of: | one proton and two neutrons. |
| Which of the following represents properties of water? | High specific heat, High heat of vaporization, Strong polarity |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: | catabolism, anabolism, ATP requirements |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution | alkaline (basic) |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called: | bases. |
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n): | electron |
| The approximate pH of gastric fluid is: | 2 |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? | Iron |
| An example of a catabolic process is: | hydrolysis |
| When atoms combine, they may gain, lose, or share: | electrons. |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| The octet rule refers to the: | stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. |
| In the presence of a base, red litmus paper will: | turn blue. |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. | exchange |
| An isotope of an element contains different numbers of ____ from other atoms of the same element. | Neutrons |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: | protons. |
| Which of the following bonds are the weakest? | Hydrogen |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. | 12; 13; 10 |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? | Helium |
| An example of an element would be: | Ne (Neon) |
| An ionic bond is formed by: | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: | protons and neutrons. |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | Four |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? | Zinc |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is: | two. |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: | solution becomes more acidic. |
| This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. | peroxisome |
| Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? | centrosome |
| Phospholipids of the plasma membrane are arranged | as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads. |
| Often referred to as the “power plant” of the cell, which organelle is the site of ATP production? | mitochondrion |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus |
| This organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases | lysosome |
| Which of the following statements about integral proteins in the plasma membrane is false | They are more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids |
| The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called | cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae | Mitochondria |
| In the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. Some of these proteins serve as passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. These proteins are | transport proteins. |
| Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? | centriole |
| Which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? | gap junction |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane. |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? | Microtubules |
| Of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the | mitochondrion. |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Ribosomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except | tubulin protein. |
| This membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes | peroxisome |
| A major function of the cell membrane is to | control what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? | microvilli |
| This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the “command center” of the cell is the | nucleus. |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face | Golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following does not describe a structure or function of the proteasome? | Breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER, Looking like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits, Requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in |
| Which of the following is not true about ribosomes | Surrounded by a membrane structure |
| Main cell structures include all of the following except: | interstitial fluid. |
| The nucleolus is composed chiefly of: | rRNA. |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: | chromatin. |
| A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read: | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
| Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called | caveolae. |
| A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the: | flagellum |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: | peroxisomes. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | Provides a site for ribosome attachment |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | Lysosomes |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Cholesterol |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | Cell division |
| DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle? | Nucleus |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the: | lysosome. |
| The membranous structure containing substances that protect the cell from harm are | lysosomes, peroxisomes |
| The fundamental organizational unit of life is the: | cell. |
| The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a: | female sex cell or ovum. |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called: | microvilli. |
| The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? | Mitochondrion |
| Which of the following organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle | Ribosome |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called: | cilia. |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the: | glycoprotein molecules. |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following is not true of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | It makes lipids and carbohydrates. |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by: | desmosomes. |
| Which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells? | Immune cells |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | microvilli |
| Which are the organelles that allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell? | Proteasomes |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the: | phospholipid bilayer. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the integral membrane proteins? | Acting as receptors, Signal transduction, Identification of “self” |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle? | Mitochondrion |
| Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? | Primary cilium |
| The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: | plasma membrane. |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | keratin. |
| Which of the following contains intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle |
| Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? | cardiac |
| A lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called | mucus. |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron. |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and | epidermis |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis. |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a | matrix. |
| Which of the following tissues lacks a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | cartilage |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? | collagen |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage. |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscle. |
| The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called _____ membranes. | synovial |
| Adipose tissue is | a storage tissue |
| The _____ junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? | bone |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | epiderm |
| Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | stratum corneum |
| The tip of the nose and the external ear are composed of | elastic cartilage. |
| Around the sixth month of pregnancy, the developing fetus is almost entirely covered by a fine soft hair coat called the | lanugo. |
| The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective. |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the | cerumen. |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the | basement membrane. |
| All glands in the body can be classified as either | exocrine or endocrine. |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin. |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans. |
| Which of the following is an example of a serous membrane? | pleura, peritoneum, pericardium |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis |
| Which of the following bones form the framework of the hand? | metacarpals |
| The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the | patella. |
| Spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally? | fibula |
| The two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the | radius and ulna. |
| The bone that claims the distinction of being the only bone in the body that articulates with no other bones is the | hyoid. |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | carpals |
| The most common type of cartilage is | hyaline. |
| Of the five metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the _____ metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones. | thumb |
| Which of the following is a bone in the axial skeleton? | vertebra |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? | pubis |
| Which two bones join to form the posterior part of the hard palate | palatine |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| The extracellular components of bone matrix are | hard and calcified |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is | lacrimal. |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called | osteons. |
| Which of the following is a facial bone? | zygomatic bone |
| Which of the following is not a type of bone? | regular |
| Cartilage is classified as _____ tissue. | connective |
| The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the | periosteum. |
| Why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs? | Floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum. |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the leg? | mandible |
| Which of the following is(are) not in the appendicular skeleton? | vertebrae |
| If you are working on an archeological dig and find the remains of a human pelvis with a subpubic angle of 110 degrees, you can assume that this pelvis belongs to a | female. |
| What structures normally hold the foot bones firmly in their arched positions? | ligaments and tendons |
| Which two bones compose the shoulder girdle? | clavicle and scapula |
| Anteriorly, each rib of the first seven pairs attaches to the | sternum. |
| The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are | axial and appendicular |
| Which bone serves as the keystone in the architecture of the cranium? | sphenoid |
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