Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy 2401 Ch. 3
Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Squamous Cell | Thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a bulge where the nucleus is |
| Squamous Cell Locations | These cells line the esophagus and form the epidermis of the skin |
| Cuboidal Cell | Squarish-looking and equal in width and height |
| Columnar Cells | Distinctly taller than wide |
| Columnar Cell Locations | Inner lining of stomach and intestines |
| Fusiform | Spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends (as in smooth muscle cells) |
| Cytoplasm | The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane |
| Plasma (Cell) Membrane | Proteins and lipids that surround a typical cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules that determine a cell’s shape, organize its contents, direct the movement of materials within the cell, and contribute to movements of the cell as a whole |
| Organelles | Diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell |
| Cytosol | (AKA intracellular fluid / ICF) clear gel in which the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions are embedded |
| Transmembrane proteins | Glycoproteins bound to oligosaccharides on the extracellular side of the membrane that are capable of passing completely through the phospholipid bilayer |
| Peripheral proteins | Membrane proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to either the inner or outer face of the membrane |
| Leak channels | Protein channel that is always open to allow materials to pass through continually |
| Gated channels | Protein channels that open and close under different circumstances and allow solutes through at some times but not others |
| Ligand-gated channels | Type of gated channel that responds to chemical messengers |
| Voltage-gated channel | Type of gated channel that responds in changes to electrical potential across the plasma membrane |
| Mechanically gated channel | Type of gated channel that that responds to physical stress on a cell such as stretch and pressure |
| Carriers | Transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane |
| Pumps | Type of carries that consume ATP in the process of transfer |
| Microvilli | Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area best developed in cells specialized for absorption such as the epithelial cells of the intestines and kidneys |
| Cilia | Hairlike processes that function as a cell’s sensory “antenna” |
| Selectively permeable | Allowing some things through but preventing other things. Cell membranes allow nutrients and wastes, but prevent proteins and phosphates from entering or leaving |
| Passive Transport | Requires no energy expenditure by the cell. Includes filtration, diffusion, and osmosis |
| Active Transport | Type of transport that consumes ATP |
| Carrier-mediated transport | type of transport that uses a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other |
| Filtration | Process in which physical pressures forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Simple diffusion | The net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | Net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other |
| Aquaporins | Channel proteins specialized to allow water to pass through a membrane |
| Nonpermeating solute | Solute that cannot pass through the membrane pores because of its size or other properties |
| Osmotic Pressure | hydrostatic pressure required to halt osmosis |
| Reverse osmosis | Process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of a system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against its concentration gradient |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell |
| Hypotonic | Solution has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF (cells absorb water, swell, and lyse) |
| Hypertonic | Solution with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF (cells lose water and shrivel / crenate) |
| Isotonic | Total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as the ICF (no change in cell volume or shape) |
| Uniport | Carrier that only carries one type of solute |
| Symport | Carrier that moves two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction (cotransport) |
| Antiport | Carries that move two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport) |
| Facilitated diffusion | Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient |
| Primary active transport | Process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP (ex. sodium-potassium pump) |
| Endocytosis | Vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell |
| Phagocytosis | “Cell eating” — process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and debris |
| Pinocytosis | “Cell drinking” — process of taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | More selective form of either phagocytosis or pinocytosis |
| Exocytosis | Process of discharging material from a cell |
| Nucleus | Usually the largest organelle which contain’s the cell’s chromosomes and is the genetic control center of cellular activity |
| Nuclear envelope | Double membrane enclosing the nucleus |
| Nuclear lamina | Narrow but densely fibrous zone immediately inside the nuclear envelope |
| Nucleoplasm | Material inside the nucleus |
| Chromatin | Fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein and one or more nucleoli where ribosomes are produced |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | System of interconnected channels called cisterns enclosed by a unit membrane |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Areas of ER in which the cisterns are parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Areas of ER where the cisterns are more tubular, branch more extensively, and lack ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | Small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, cytosol, mitochondria, and on the outer surfaces of the rough ER and nuclear envelope that “read” coded genetic messages (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins |
| Golgi complex | Small system of cisterns that synthesize carbohydrates and put finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis |
| Lysosome | Package of enzymes bounded by a membrane which assist in apoptosis, and help digest phagocytized material |
| Mitochondria | Organelles specialized fir synthesizing ATP |
| Centriole | Short cylindrical assembly of microtubules |
| Major components of a cell | Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Organelles, Inclusions, and Cytosol |
Created by:
meghan.snell81
Popular Anatomy sets