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Anatomy 2401 Ch. 4
Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromatin | Fine filamentous material in the interphase nucleus, composed of DNA and associated proteins |
| Chromosomes | A complex of DNA and protein carrying the genetic material of a cell’s nucleus |
| Centromere | Pinched spot joining together two genetically identical, rodlike sister chromatids |
| Nitrogenous base pairs of DNA | Adenine, Thymine and Cytosine, Guanine (ATCG) |
| Nitrogenous base pairs of RNA | Adenine, Uracil and Cytosine, Guanine (AUCG) |
| Function of DNA | Codes for synthesis of RNA and protein |
| Function of RNA | Carries out the instructions in DNA; assembles proteins |
| Transcription | The process of DNA making mRNA |
| Translation | The process of converting the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | A relatively small RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA “mirror” of DNA which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | Little “reading machines” found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope |
| Three Steps of Translation | Initiation, elongation, and termination |
| Where does most translation occur? | In the cytoplasm |
| Where does most transcription occur? | In the nucleus |
| Anticodon | Series of three nucleotides complementary to a specific codon of mRNA |
| Ribosomal ‘A’ site | Aminoacyl site — accepts a new amino acids during translation |
| Ribosomal ‘P’ site | Peptidyl site — carries the growing protein |
| Ribosomal ‘E’ site | Where protein ‘e’xits ribosome |
| Polyribosome | Cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that binds to DNA and assembles RNA |
| DNA polymerase | Enzyme with molecules that move along each strand of of DNA, read the exposed bases, and arrange “marriages” with complimentary free nucleotides |
| Chromatin | Fine filamentous material in the interphase nucleus, composed of DNA and associated proteins |
| Chromosomes | A complex of DNA and protein carrying the genetic material of a cell’s nucleus |
| Centromere | Pinched spot joining together two genetically identical, rodlike sister chromatids |
| Nitrogenous base pairs of DNA | Adenine, Thymine and Cytosine, Guanine (ATCG) |
| Nitrogenous base pairs of RNA | Adenine, Uracil and Cytosine, Guanine (AUCG) |
| Function of DNA | Codes for synthesis of RNA and protein |
| Function of RNA | Carries out the instructions in DNA; assembles proteins |
| Transcription | The process of DNA making mRNA |
| Translation | The process of converting the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | A relatively small RNA whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA “mirror” of DNA which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | Little “reading machines” found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope |
| Three Steps of Translation | Initiation, elongation, and termination |
| Where does most translation occur? | In the cytoplasm |
| Where does most transcription occur? | In the nucleus |
| Anticodon | Series of three nucleotides complementary to a specific codon of mRNA |
| Ribosomal ‘A’ site | Aminoacyl site — accepts a new amino acids during translation |
| Ribosomal ‘P’ site | Peptidyl site — carries the growing protein |
| Ribosomal ‘E’ site | Where protein ‘e’xits ribosome |
| Polyribosome | Cluster of ribosomes all translating the same mRNA |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that binds to DNA and assembles RNA |
| DNA polymerase | Enzyme with molecules that move along each strand of of DNA, read the exposed bases, and arrange “marriages” with complimentary free nucleotides |
| DNA ligase | Enzyme that joins together short segments of DNA |
| Mutations | Any change in the structure of a chromosome or DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of organismal structure or function |
| G1 phase (first gap phase) | An interval between cell division and DNA replication. During this time, a cell synthesizes proteins, grows, and carries out preordained tasks for the body |
| S phase (synthesis phase) | Phase in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and nuclear DNA |
| G2 phase (second gap phase) | The interval between DNA replication and cell division. Cell exhibits further growth, makes more organelles, finishes replicating its centrioles, and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division |
| M phase (mitotic phase) | Phase in which a cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form two new daughter cells |
| Interphase | The time between M phases. Consists of G1, S, and G2 |
| Prophase | Mitotic phase in which the nuclear envelope disintegrates and releases the chromosomes into the cytosol. Spindle fibers grow and tug the chromosomes back and forth until they are all midline |
| Metaphase | Mitotic phase in which the chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator. Long microtubules reach out from each centriole to chromosomes and shorter microtubules anchor the assembly to the inside of the plasma membrane at each end of the cell |
| Anaphase | Mitotic phase which begins with an enzyme cleaving sister chromatids from each other into separate daughter chromosomes which migrate to each pole of the cell |
| Telophase | Mitotic phase in which the daughter chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell where the rough ER produces a new envelope for each. Overlaps with cytokinesis |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm into two cells |
Created by:
meghan.snell81
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