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Phys 3
chapt 12 forward
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What would have the greatest accelerating effect on the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin? | Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2. (This is decreased partial oxygen and increased partial carbon dioxide). |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 ml. |
| Boyle law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant. |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160. |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause: | Decreased vital capacity. |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration? | Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals. During forced expiration, the internal intercostal muscles and the oblique, and transversus abdominal muscles contract to increase the intra-abdominal pressure and depress the rib cage. |
| How is vital capacity is defined? | The maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration. |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration. | Tidal volume. |
| The symbol HbNCOOH- is used for: | Carbaminohemoglobin. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760. |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| How is carbaminohemoglobin formed? | When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin is formed, lowering hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen via the Bohr effect. |
| What helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | - The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane. - Alveolar ventilation. - The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood. |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | Less than in the alveolar air. |
| A drop in the body's production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of: | Carbonic acid. |
| What is the function of anhydrase? | It converts carbon dioxide which partially dissociates to bicarbonate and protons. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | Hemoglobin. |
| How saturated is hemoglobin when it is exposed to the PO2 of the lungs? | 98%. |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the expansion of the lungs causes what to happen? | A decrease in alveolar pressure. (Think of it this way ... the lungs expand which in respiration they deflate, putting weight on the alveolar to decompress them.) |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20%. |
| What are the means of transporting oxygen? | - As oxyhemoglobin. - Dissolved in the plasma. (Nothing to do with bicarbonate ion symbol HCO3-) |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). Why is this? | Lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| Normal, quiet breathing. | Eupnea. |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, what would the sequence be? | Bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Strokes respirations. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | Inspiration reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| Total lung capacity is: | Residual volume and vital capacity. The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effort; it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume and is approximately 5,800 mL. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is __ to the total pressure of the mixture. | Directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture. In other words, all things are equally combined without an inverse relationship. |
| What are regulated processes associated with the function of the respiratory system? | Transport gases, gas exchange in the lungs and tissue, and pulmonary ventilation. (Control of cell metabolism rate is not.) |
| What constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and tidal volume. |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure? | Biot's breathing. |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure, what occurs? | Expiration occurs. (Remember, this is the lungs putting pressure when decompressing.) |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood's hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97%. |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is __ blood. | Less than in the systemic venous AND equal to systemic arterial blood. |
| Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________. | 95; 40; 7.4 |
| Saliva contains the enzyme: | Amylase. |
| Begins the digestion of starch: | Salivary Amylase. |
| The act of of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus. | Defacation. |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds. | Hydrolysis. |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of: | Chylomicrons. |
| Stimulation of gastric juice secretion occurs in all of the following phases except the _____ phase. cephalic; digestive; gastric; intestinal | Digestive. It does occur in intestinal phase, though is not clearly understood as in cephalic or gastric phase. |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? | CCK and secretin. |
| What inhibits gastric secretion, and stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice low in enzymes, also stimulates the ejection of bile from the gall bladder? | Secretin. |
| What stimulates the ejection of bile from the gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic juice high in enzymes? | CCK |
| The wave-like ripple of the muscle layer of the GI tract. | Peristalsis. |
| Because fats are insoluble in water they must be: | Emulsified. |
| What percentage of blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? | 80%. The other 20% is from the heart. |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone: | cholecystokinin (CCK). |
| The process of deglutition includes: | Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. (NOT laryngeal). |
| Chemical digestion requires the secretion of _________into the lumen of the GI tract. | Digestive enzymes AND bile! |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called: | Gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| ____________ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. | Absorption. |
| ____________ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. | Parietal cells. |
| During which stage of swallowing is there a risk of food entering the respiratory pathways? | Oropharyngeal. |
| CCK is an intestinal hormone that: | Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder so that bile can pass into the duodenum. Opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. Causes the pancreas to increase secretion of exocrine high in enzymatic content. |
| Which phase of gastric secretion is stimulated by sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase. ("Psychic or mental" factors). |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | Amylase. |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile. | Cholecystokinin. |
| Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants? | Diarrhea. |
| Which openings must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? | Nasopharynx, larynx, mouth. The oropharynx does not have to be blocked. |
| Final product of carbohydrate digestion is? | Monosaccharide. |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum. | Gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | Protein. |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to do what to acid? | Neutralize hydrochloric acid. |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | Oral stage.(Not the pharyngeal, esophageal, or gastric phase). |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | Hydrolizing. |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas. | Secretin. |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport transports sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | Passively out of |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | Propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | Glycerol and fatty acids. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion. | small intestine. |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | Inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | fatty acids. monoglycerides. glycerol. |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? | Swallowing and peristalsis. |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? glucose, starch, sucrose, glycogen. | Sucrose. (Think Splenda). |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | carbohydrates. |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein. |
| Examples of mechanical digestion. | Changing food into small particles. Propelling food through the digestive tract. (Moistening food is NOT an example). |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| The process of swallowing. | Deglutition. |
| Characteristics of enzymes. | accelerate chemical reactions vital to chemical reactions many contain vitamins in their structure |
| Enzymes change chemically and are in thee end products of the reaction. True or false. | False. |
| What happens with water regarding salt? | Where salt goes, water follows. |
| When blood volume decreases due to sweating, from what source is water taken in by the blood? | Interstitial fluid (ICF is last). |
| What happens in the tissue when capillary blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure? | Fluid enters the capillaries from interstitial spaces. |
| What effect does drinking seawater have on the body? | The net transfer of water from the inside of your cells to the outside will cause the cells to shrink considerably. Osmosis happens and dehydration |
| What two factors together determine urine volume? | The glomerular filtration rate and the rate of water reabsorption by the renal tubules |
| The mechanism that tends to restore normal extracellular fluid volume when it decreases below normal. | Aldosterone mechanism, ADH mechanism, osmoreceptors. |
| Although both acid and base components are important, the homeostasis of body pH largely depends on the control of _____ ion concentration in the _____ fluid. | hydrogen; extracellular |
| Which of the following MAKE UP THE PH HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM? buffers, respirations, kidney excretion of acids and bases, all. | all of these. |
| Abnormally excessive water losses constitute a volume deficit and can lead to a state of dehydration or: | hypovolemia. |
| Water enters the body by way of the digestive tract and by way of the: | cell's catabolism of foods. |
| A common type of electrolyte imbalance in which potassium is lost from the body, resulting in a serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L, is: | hypokalemia. |
| In clinical medicine, the term _____ is used to describe an arterial blood pH of less than 7.5. | acidosis. |
| Acidic ketone bodies that accumulate during the incomplete breakdown of fats.(name 3) | acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid. (NOT phosphorus. |
| Functionally, total body water can be subdivided into the: | intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. |
| Organic substances with the type of bond that does not permit the compound to break up in a solution are called: | nonelectrolytes |
| When placed in an electrolyte solution with a weak current, positive ions such as Na+ will be attracted to the negative electrode and are called: | cations. |
| According to Starling's law of the capillaries, the control mechanism for water exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid consists of all of the following pressures except _____ pressure. Blood hydrostatic, Colloid osmotic, Colloid diffusion, Interstitial fluid hydrostatic | Colloid diffusion. |
| The two major types of control systems that operate to maintain the constancy of pH. | Chemical and physiological. |
| The cardinal principle about fluid balance is that it can be maintained only if intake equals: | Output. |
| A _____ is a substance that prevents marked changes in the pH of a solution when an acid or base is added. | Buffer. |
| Normal blood pH and acid-base balance depend on the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid buffer pair being _____ in the extracellular fluid. | 20:1 |
| What occurs in anaerobic metabolism of glucose? | It produces lactic acid because not enough oxygen is present to break down glucose to CO2 and water. |
| What substance is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? | renin |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. | 45% to 75% |
| Which of the following is not considered a "transcellular fluid"? lymph, CSF, humors of eyes, joint fluid | Lymph |
| What two fluids are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately: | 7.4 |
| Edema may occur when: | a. sodium is retained in the extracellular fluid as a result of increased aldosterone secretion or after serious renal disease such as acute glomerulonephritis. b. an increase in capillary blood pressure occurs. c. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins normally retained in the blood occurs. |
| Regarding total body water, compare overweight to slender people. | Overweight people have lower water content per kilogram of body weight than slender people. |
| Do men or women have higher total body water content? | Men. Women have more fat. |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females. | 60%; 50% |
| Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in the: | Intercellular spaces |
| What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid? | potassium |
| for the body to maintain acid base balance which of the following are necessary? buffering/respiration/urine section | all of these |
| Of these, which are acid-forming foods? meat, eggs, poultry. | All of these are acid forming |
| Which of the following body fluid compartments has the same volume (percentage of body weight) in the infant, the adult male, and the adult female? plasma, interstitial fluid, extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid | plasma |
| The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the: | hypothalamus |
| When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs _____ ions at the same time. | sodium |
| A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: | stimulate increased respirations (hyperventilation) (which tends to increase pH back toward normal) |
| Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? pH 2, 6, 8, 10 | 2 because hydrogen is acidic |
| When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be: | intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma. |
| What are the three of the seven basic solutions used for parenteral therapy? | Ammonium chloride, lactate solutions, carbohydrate in water. (Not liquid protein). |
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