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Chap. 6 Muscle
muscle chapter note cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscle cells | Muscle fibers |
| The ability for the muscles to contract | Contractility |
| Synapse | Neuromuscular Junction |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| The ability to be stretched. | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. | Elasticity |
| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | Epimysium |
| Connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles. | Fascia |
| Fascicles are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the | Perimysium |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle | Fasciculi (fascicle) |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called | Fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the | Endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other that are called | Myofibrils |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers that myofibrils consist of | - Actin myofilaments- thin - Myosin Myofilaments- thick |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called ________ that form the myofibril and is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. | Sarcomeres |
| The charge difference across the membrane is called the | Resting Membrane Potential |
| When a muscle cell is stimulated it briefly changes, the brief reversal back of the charge is called | Action Potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | Motor Neurons |
| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _______ or a _______ near the center of the cell. | Neuromuscular Junction; Synapse |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a | Motor Unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal is the | Presynaptic Terminal |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the | Synaptic Cleft |
| The muscle fiber is the | Postsynaptic Terminal |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains | Synaptic Vessels |
| Synaptic Vessels secrete a neurotransmitter calledd | Acetylcholine |
| The neurotransmitter diffuses across the _____ and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell | Synaptic cleft |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by | Acetylcholinesterase |
| The contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers is a | Muscle Twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called ______, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. | Threshold |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the | Lag Phase |
| The time of contraction is the | Contraction Phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes is the | Relaxation Phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called | Recruitment |
| - is needed for energy for muscle contraction. - is produced in the mitochondria. - is short-lived and unstable. It degenerates to the more stable ADP (adenosine diphosphate) plus phosphate. - is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called | Creatine Phosphate |
| Cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is _______ ;produces more atp( more efficient) | Aerobic Respiration |
| Cellular respiration that proceeds in the absence of oxygen is | Anaerobic Respiration |
| The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells is called | Oxygen Debt |
| ______ results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. | Muscle Fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contractions: | - Isometric (equal distance) – the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. - Isotonic (equal tension), the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the |
| Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | Muscle Tone |
| _______ contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism | Fast-Twitch Fibers |
| ________ contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue, and are better suited for aerobic metabolism. | Slow-Twitch Fibers |
| The _______ (head) is the most stationary end of the muscle. | Origin |
| The _____ is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. | Insertion |
| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | Belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called | Antagonists |
| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the _________ | Prime Mover |
| ___________ raises the eyebrows. | Occipitofrontalis |
| __________ closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. | Orbicularis Oculi |
| - puckers the lips | Orbicularis Oris |
| - flattens the cheeks | Buccinator |
| - smiling muscle | Zygomaticus |
| - sneering | Levator Labii superioris |
| - frowning | Depressor Anguli Oris |
| - chewing | Mastication |
| - changes the shape of the tongue | Intrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| - moves the tongue | Extrinsic Tongue Muscles |
| - Lateral neck muscle and prime mover - Rotates and abducts the head | Sternocleidomastoid |
| - sheet like muscle that covers the anterolateral neck. - Its action is to pull the corners of the mouth inferiorly, producing a downward sag of the mouth. | Platysma |
| - Group of muscles on each side of the back. - Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect. | Erector spinae |
| Muscles that move the thorax | Thorax Muscles |
| - elevate the ribs during inspiration. | External intercostals |
| - contracts the ribs during forced expiration. | Internal Intercostals |
| - Accomplishes quiet breathing. - Dome-shaped muscle. - Aids in breathing. | Diaphragm |
| the tendinous area of the abdominal wall called the ______ and is lined with white connective tissue other than muscle. | Linea Alba |
| On each side of the linea alba is the __________ muscle | Rectus Abdominus |
| ______ ________cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented. | Tendinous inscriptions |
| Lateral to the rectus abdominis are layers of muscle | - External Abdominal Oblique - Internal Abdominal Oblique - Transverses Abdominis Muscles |
| _____ rotates scapula | Trapezius |
| ____ pulls scapula anteriorly | Serratus Anterior |
| The arm is attached to the thorax by the | Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi Muscles. |
| __________ adducts and flexes the arm | Pectoralis Major |
| __________ medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles” | Latissimus Dorsi Muscles. |
| _______ attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. | Deltoid |
| - Extends the forearm. - Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm. | Triceps Brachii |
| – Flexes the forearm. - Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. | Biceps Brachii |
| - Flexes forearm | Brachialis |
| – Flexes and supinates the forearm. | Brachioradialis |
| - Strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons. - Holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction. | Retinaculum (bracelet) |
| - Flexes the wrist | Flexor Carpi |
| - Extends the wrist | Extensor Carpi |
| - Flexes the fingers | Flexor Digitorium |
| - Extends the fingers | Extensor Digitorium |
| - Located between the metacarpals - Are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers. | Interossi Muscles |
| buttocks. | Glutious Maximus |
| – extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | Quadriceps Femoris |
| - “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh | Sartorius |
| - posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh. | Hamstring |
| – Form the calf muscle. - They join to form the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon). Flex the foot and toes. | Gastrocnemius and Soleus |
| chest muscles | Pectoral Muscles |
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