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Anatomy 3
digestion and reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which salivary gland produces only a mucous type of saliva? | Sublingual. |
| The structure that permits material to pass from the ileum into the large intestine. | Ileocecal valve. |
| The duct formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts. | Common hepatic duct. |
| The region of the stomach which regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine | Pyloric sphincter "valve" at pylorus. |
| The cardiac region of the stomach. | Cardia. |
| The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells. | Digestion. |
| The uppermost division of the small intestine. | Duodenum. |
| The dorsal surface of the tongue is covered with rough elevated projections called: | Papillae. |
| Where is the fundus of the stomach? | It is the outer layer. |
| The longest division of the small intestine. | Ileum. |
| The _____ consists of portions of two maxillary bones and two palatine bones. | Hard palate. |
| Folds that allow for expansion of the stomach. | Rugae of mucosa. |
| The surface of the tooth that is coated with the hardest substance in the body. | Enamel. |
| The 2nd and largest segment of the large intestine. | Colon. |
| The four segments of the colon. | Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. |
| The hepatic ducts as they exits the porta hepatis. | Right and left hepatic ducts (liver). |
| In the valleys between villi are deep depressions which serve as sites of rapid mitotic cell division. | Intestinal crypts. |
| The large intestine is divided into: | The cecum, colon, and rectum. |
| The longitudinal muscles within the large intestinal wall are grouped together into tape-like strips about a centimeter wide called: | Teniae coli. |
| The duct that carries digestive enzymes from acinar cells in the pancreas. | Main pancreatic duct and sphincter. |
| What are the pairs of salivary glands? | Parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals. (Submucosa is not a salivary gland). |
| The intestinal lining circular folds that contain many tiny projections. | Villi. |
| The innermost layer of the GI wall. | Mucosa. |
| The terminal inch of the rectum. | Anal canal. |
| Three structures attached to the liver. | Hepatic triad - proper hepatic artery, common bile duct (green), portal vein (posterior). |
| Branches that attach to the small intestines that form a honeycomb type of structure. | Arcades. |
| Pouches on the large intestine. | Diverticula. |
| Vertical portion of large intestine. | Ascending colon. |
| Horizontal portion of the large intestine. | Transverse colon. |
| Last part of the small intestine. | Ileum. |
| Last part of the large intestine. | Cecum. |
| Which substance is the outer covering of the shell of the tooth in the neck and root? | cementum |
| Phagocytic cells lining liver sinusoids are called: | Kupffer cells. |
| An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep: | Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. |
| A barium enema study is used to detect and locate: polyps, tumors, diverticula, all of the above | all of the above - polyps, tumors, and diverticula. |
| Which salivary gland produces only a mucous type of saliva? | Sublinguals (only). |
| The type of cell designed for absorption and secretion found throughout much of the GI tract is _____ epithelium. | Simple columnar. |
| Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer that is composed of columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to enhance absorption? | Small intestine. |
| The most essential part of bile is: | bile salts. |
| The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is: | ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. |
| Approximately how much saliva do the three pairs of compound tubuloalveolar glands (parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals) secrete each day? | 1 liter. |
| The more common term for deglutition is: | swallowing. |
| The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the: | Mesentery. |
| The walls of the GI tract are composed of ____ layers of tissue. | Four. |
| Bile is secreted by: | Hepatic cells. |
| Microvilli can be found in: | Small intestine and large intestine. (Not the stomach). |
| Lobes of the liver. | Right, left, caudate, and quadrate. (no medial) |
| Accessory organs of the digestive system. | Tongue, liver, and pancreas. (not mouth). |
| The right angle between the transverse colon and the ascending colon is the: | Hepatic flexure. |
| Which of the following structures is anatomically the longest? Esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum. | Ileum. |
| The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the: | Uvula. |
| Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds? | Filiform. |
| Characteristics of filiform papillae. | these are small, spike-like projections found all over the tongue. They are the most abundant papillae, but lack taste buds. They roughen the tongue and aid in food manipulation. |
| What digestive organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion? | Esophagus. |
| Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine? duodenum, cecum, ileum, jejunum. | Cecum. (This is part of the colon (right side of body, bottom bulb). |
| The extrinsic tongue muscles differ from the intrinsic tongue muscles in that the _____ outside the tongue. | extrinsic muscles insert into the tongue but have their origin |
| The longest portion of the small intestine. | Ileum. |
| Surgical removal of the gallbladder. | Cholecystectomy. |
| The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the: | Descending colon. |
| The hard palate consists of portions of how many bones? | four bones: two maxillae and two palatines. |
| After leaving the stomach, food enters the: | small intestine. |
| The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds. | Papillae. |
| Extracellular fluid consists mainly of: | the plasma found in the blood vessels and the interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds the cells. |
| What are some of the transcellular fluids (TF)? | cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluids, and humors of the eye |
| Extracellular fluid consists also of: | the lymph and so-called transcellular fluid (TF) are also considered extracellular fluid. |
| What does intracellular fluid refer to? | Water inside the cell. |
| Extracellular fluid serves what dual purposes? | providing a relatively constant environment for cells and transporting substances to and from them. |
| Buffer | substance that prevents marked changes in the pH of a solution when an acid or a base is added to it. |
| A decrease in blood pH _____ the renal tubule ion exchange mechanisms that acidify urine and conserve blood’s base, thereby tending to increase blood pH back to normal. | accelerates |
| The nephron loop reabsorbs: | Water, sodium, and chloride. |
| the nephron loop reabsorbs __% of the ramaining water (15% of total water), and 2/3 of remaining ____ and ___ ions | 50%; sodium; chloride. |
| Urine is approximately 95% | water |
| The principle organ of the urinary system. | kidney |
| The term that describes an inflammation of the bladder. | cystitis. |
| The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the: | external sphincter muscle of the bladder. |
| Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. | Glomerulus. |
| The ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the: | bladder |
| _____ has a central role in the regulation of urine volume. | ADH |
| Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. |
| The branch of the abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is the: | renal artery |
| Structure that is important in maintaining blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops. | juxtaglomerular apparatus. |
| Specialized epithelial cells that cover the outer surfaces of glomerular capillaries. | Podocytes. |
| Crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis or calyces are called: | kidney stones |
| The capillary network that is fitted neatly into Bowman's capsule is the: | glomerulus. |
| Other names for Bowman's capsule: | glomerular capsule, renal corpuscular capsule, or capsular glomeruli |
| Irregularly shaped cells that have numerous cytoplasmic processes, and are scattered in a haphazard way in extracellular matrix between the glomerular capillaries. | Mesangial cells. |
| Mitosis is: | 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cells. They are haploid meaning one set of chromosomes. |
| Meiosis is: | 4 cells each from half of each parent. They are diploid because there are 2 sets of chromosomes. |
| What occurs in meiosis? | Diploid cells are reduced to haploid. |
| One spermatogonia gives rise to how many how many spermatazoa? | Four. |
| How long is an ovum fertile? | Up to 24 hours. |
| How many ovum are released in a lifetime? | 4-500. |
| In females what occurs in meiosis I? | The primary oocyte with 46 chromosomes splits to a polar body and secondary oocyte each with 23 chromosomes. The primary oocyte produces 2 polar bodies and the secondary produces 1. |
| In females what occurs in meiosis II? | When fertilization occurs, the ovum keeps the cytoplasm and 23 chromosomes, the 3 polar bodies disintegrate, 22 of which are X and the 23rd is autosome. |
| What is an autosome? | A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
| In males, what occurs in meiosis? | The 1st cell is diploid. This undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes, each having 23 chromosomes. Meiosis II then occurs producing 2 daughter cells, 23 chromosomes. 2 will have 22 chromosomes and an autosome, and the other 2 will have a Y instead of the autosome. These 4 become sperm. |
| How many sperm per milliliter? | 20 million, 1.5 milliliters per ejaculation. |
| How many sperm reach the oocyte? | 1 million. |
| How many days does sperm take to travel to the oocyte? | 5 days. |
| What two layers do the sperm penetrate in the ovum? | Corona radiata and Zona pellucida. |
| What are possible times for conception? | 4-5 days prior to ovulation. |
| What will aid the sperm in penetrating the plasma membrane? | Enzymes. |
| Where does fertilization occur? | Usually in the fallopian tube. |
| The process where the ovum blocks other sperm from penetration. | Cortical reaction. |
| When does the ovum complete meiosis II? | Immediately after fertilization, and then ejects half of its chromosomes as another polar body. |
| What happens to the chromosomes with the fertilized egg? | The 23 chromosomes of the ovum unite with the 23 chromosomes of the sperm to create a diploid cell. |
| Name for the fertilized egg? | Zygote. |
| Term for the rapid cell division of the zygote as it travels to the uterus. | Cleavage. |
| Fluid-filled structure that the zygote becomes. | Blastocyst. |
| Two types of cells in blastocysts. | Inner cell mass (cluster on one side of the cell). Trophoblasts (layer of cells surrounding the inner cavity). |
| What part of the blastocyst forms the embryo? | The inner cell mass. |
| What part of the blastocyst develops into the placenta? | Trophoblasts. |
| What does the placenta do? | Transfers nutrients from mom to baby. |
| Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced? | ANH |
| Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? | aldosterone and ADH |
Created by:
TamraArm
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