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Bryant A&P Ch2 Vocab

A&P Ch 2 (2.1 &2.2) Vocabulary

TermDefinition
amino acids the building blocks of proteins
ATP adenosine triphosphate: a nucleotide compound of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
base pairs pairs of complementary nucleic acid bases: that is A to T and C to G ("apples in the tree, car in the garage")
DNA the polymer of nucleotides with bases adenosine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA is short for "deoxyribonucleic acid"
enzymes proteins that speed up specific biological reactions
fatty acid a hydrocarbon chain with a carbocyclic acid group at one end
glucose the main form of sugar that circulates in the blood
glycogen a polymer of glucose found in animals; stored form of glucose
human genome the DNA sequence of a human
lipids fatty molecules that dissolve poorly in water but dissolve well in a nonpolar solvent; fats and oils
nucleic acids key information-carrying molecules in the cells
nucleotides subunits that make up nucleic acids
peptide bond the chemical bond that links two amino acids by connecting the amino group of one amino acid to acid group of another.
phospholipid a lipid containing a phosphate group
polymer a molecule made of many similar subunits
polypeptide a long chain of amino acids
RNA one of two kinds of information-carrying nucleic acids found in cells; ribonucleic acid
steroids a class of lipids with a structure that is different from other lipids; cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are three well known steroids.
triglycerides compounds composed of a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached.
centrioles short cylinders made of nine triplets of parallel microtubules
channel proteins molecules with a hollow central pore that allows water or small, charged particles of certain substances to pass into and out of cells
cilia a hair-like projection that actively flexes back and forth to move fluid or mucus across the outside of the cell
codon a set of three bases in DNA and RNA that codes for one amino acid
cytoplasm the part of the cell that contains everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus.
cytoskeleton a network of proteins that defines the shape of a cell and gives it mechanical strength
endoplasmic reticulum a network of membranes in the cytoplasm that produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function
extracellular fluid the liquid - consisting mostly of water - that surrounds a typical cell
extracellular matrix a solid or gel-like substance that surrounds a typical cell
glycoproteins proteins with carbohydrate groups attached
Golgi apparatus a set of membranous discs in the cytoplasm that packages proteins sent from the endoplasmic reticulum which then sends out to the rest of the cell to use.
messenger RNA (mRNA) a single-strand RNA molecule whos base sequence carries the information needed by a ribosome to make a protein.
microvilli finger-like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell
mitochondria organelles in the cell cytoplasm which make ATP; they are the "powerhouses" of the cell
mitosis the division of a cell nucleus and chromosomes into two nuclei, each with their own set of identical chromosomes.
nucleus a round or oval mass of protoplasm within the cytoplasm of a cell that contains the cell's DNA and is bounded by a membrane
plasma membrane the membrane that defines the outer shell of a cell
ribosome very large enzymes that make polypeptides
RNA polymerases an enzyme that makes an RNA molecule complementary to the gene on DNA
transfer RNA (tRNA) a molecule that binds to the mRNA-ribosome complex and helps assemble amino acids into polypeptides
Created by: Mr. Bryant
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