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Anatomy Before Final
Anatomy Before Final Study Stack Week 6-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the letter that indicates the Zygomaticus major and minor. | C |
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the | Transverse Abdominis |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Epicranial aponeurosis. | A |
| Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers can be | extrinsic or intrinsic |
| The long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle is a description of this type of fascicle arrangement. | parallel |
| The common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is called the | calcaneal tendon |
| The continuous low level of sustained contraction maintained by all skeletal muscles is muscle | tone |
| The biceps brachii has this fascicle arrangement, which maximizes the range of motion possible | parallel |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Masseter. | E |
| In addition to the Pectoralis major, another muscle that displays this pattern of fascicle arrangement is Latissimus dorsi. | convergent |
| The Sartorius muscle, a thin straplike muscle would have muscle fascicles arranged in | parallel |
| The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the | origin |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Sternocleidomastoid. | A |
| An example of a muscle with this type of fascicle arrangement is the orbicularis oris. | circular |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Serratus anterior | A |
| Muscles with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement are either fusiform or straplike in appearance | parallel |
| The muscle fascicle arrangement for Orbicularis oris is best characterized as | circular |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Orbicularis oris. | D |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sidesis categorized as | bipennate. |
| The individual muscle fibers are covered by a connective tissue membrane called the | endomysium. |
| The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the | fascia. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Deltoid. | B |
| The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. | agonist |
| This arrangement of muscle fascicles tends to be triangular in shape. The Pectoralis major is an example of a muscle with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement. | convergent |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into only one side of the tendon is categorized as | unipennate |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Linea alba. | B |
| Muscles that move the forearm include which of the following? | brachioradialis pronator teres biceps brachii All of these are correct. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Serratus anterior. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the Rectus abdominis. | C |
| The muscle that helps hold the scapula against the thorax and is useful in pushing or punching movements is the | serratus anterior. |
| The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: | anterior medial surface of the forearm. |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | spiral |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| The pectoralis major muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | convergent |
| The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. | third |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the: | perimysium. |
| The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named for its: | points of attachment. |
| Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be: | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. |
| Which of the following is not a group of pennate muscles? | Tripennate |
| Muscles may be named according to: | function. direction of fibers. points of attachment. all of the above. |
| The muscle(s) assisting in rotating the arm outward is (are) the: | teres minor. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Rectus Femoris Both A and C |
| Which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? | Pectoralis minor |
| The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the: | triceps brachii. |
| The action of the brachialis muscle is to _____ the forearm. | flex |
| The muscle that raises or lowers the shoulders or shrugs them is the: | trapezius. |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: | deltoid. |
| The prime mover can also be called the: | agonist |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the head is incorrect? | The splenius capitis muscle is sometimes called the prayer muscle because it causes the head to bow. |
| The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is the: | latissimus dorsi. |
| Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. | circular |
| The teres major and teres minor muscles move the: | arm |
| Which of the following body systems assists the muscles in maintaining posture? | Digestive Endocrine Excretory All of the above |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true? | The knee is acting as a fulcrum. |
| Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n): | muscle fiber |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Flexor |
| Which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? | Transverse abdominis |
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. | True |
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. | Sartorius |
| The muscle that flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm is the: | brachioradialis. |
| There are more than 600 muscles in the body. | True |
| Which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? | Biceps femoris |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? | Sacrospinalis |
| Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm? | Trapezius |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | prime mover. |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? | The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move. The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves. When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin. All of the above are correct. |
| Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: | clavicle and scapula. |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis. |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called | neurons. |
| Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? | polar |
| What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? | neurilemma |
| Identify which diagram represents a cell that produces a myelin sheath in the central nervous system. | E |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
| Identify the letter that indicates the gaps between Schwann cells that are known as myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier). | D |
| Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. | synapse |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | skeletal muscles. |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? | tracts |
| Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron with a name that means "little hill." | B |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. | synapse |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. | enteric |
| This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. | axon |
| Identify which letter represents the most abundant category of glial cells in the CNS | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron where neurotransmitters are released. | E |
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. | axon |
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | axon terminal |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) | reflex arc |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system. | central |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the | white matter of the nervous system. |
| Identify which letter represents an oligodendrocyte. | E |
| Neurons have | very limited capacity to repair themselves. |
| Identify which diagram represents a microglial cell. | C |
| Nerves that originate from the brain are called _____ nerves. | Cranial |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. | dendrite |
| Identify the letter that indicates a Schwann cell. | C |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| Axodendritic synapses occur between letter "E" on the diagram and this region on a proximal neuron. | A |
| Identify which diagram represents cells that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. | D |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the __________ divisions. | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | towards |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. in all of the above ways. |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| Schwann cells have a function in the PNS that is similar to that of which cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons. |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| Astrocytes attach to: | neurons. blood vessels. both A and C. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment. Detect changes in the internal environment. Evaluate changes in the environment. All of the above are true. |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Integrating sensory information Evaluating the information Initiating an outgoing response All of the above are functions of the CNS. |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: | skeletal muscles. |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma. |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | sensory |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies. |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron. |
| Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that transmits olfactory impulses? | A |
| The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the | cauda equina. |
| Which letter indicates a bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini ending) that slowly adapts to deep pressure stimuli? | E |
| The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called | plexuses. |
| Which letter indicates the primary somatosensory cortex? | C |
| Which letter indicates the corpora quadrigemina, meaning "four bodies"? | D |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. | brachial |
| Which letter indicates Wernicke's area, which is important for understanding spoken words? | D |
| Which letter indicates the cardiac plexus? | B |
| Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that has three major branches? | C |
| Which letter indicates the corpus callosum, which is an area of white matter where axons from one cerebral hemisphere cross the midline to the opposite hemisphere? | B |
| If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway? | all of the above |
| Which letter indicates an area that is characterized by huge neurons known as pyramidal cells? | B |
| Which letter indicates the primary visual cortex, which receives information from neurons in the retina of the eye? | E |
| Which letter indicates the medulla oblongata, the functional neural connection between the pons and the spinal cord? | E |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking | A |
| Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking | C |
| Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking | B |
| Which letter indicates the region of the brain that has the greatest surface area due to the numerous surface convolutions? | A |
| Which letter indicates a lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian corpuscle) that rapidly adapts to deep pressure stimuli? | B |
| Which letter indicates epithelial tactile complexes (Merkel discs), light pressure receptors found in the epidermis? | A |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system. | autonomic |
| Which letter indicates receptors that respond chiefly to pain and temperature? | C |
| Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the | meninges. |
| Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts. | descending |
| The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the | ventricles. |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the | intestinal wall. |
| Which letter indicates the structure where cranial nerve fibers from the retina cross to the opposite side of the brain? | B |
| Which letter indicates the aortic plexus? | D |
| Which letter indicates the pelvic sympathetic trunk? | E |
| Which letter indicates the cranial nerve that has motor fibers that innervate muscles of facial expression? | D |
| Which letter indicates a choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in all four ventricles of the brain? | C |
| Which letter indicates the left vagus nerve? | A |
| The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
| Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the | choroid plexus. |
| All of the following are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except: | they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion. |
| The pyramids are formed in the: | medulla |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? | Pineal gland |
| The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of _____ pairs. | 31 |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| Which is not true about sympathetic postganglionic neurons? | They produce acetylcholine. |
| The cervical plexus: | is found deep in the neck. is formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves and part of C5. includes the phrenic nerve. All of the above are correct. |
| Beta receptors: | bind norepinephrine. |
| Spinal nerves are _____ fibers. | motor and sensory |
| Effectors that have single innervation by the autonomic nervous system are innervated only by the parasympathetic division | False |
| Conduction to autonomic effectors requires only one efferent neuron. | False |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? | Thoracic |
| Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | True |
| If you were to damage some of the preganglionic fibers that enter the celiac ganglion, what effect would this have on sympathetic stimulation? | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation. |
| The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. | False |
| Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals. | True |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: | limbic system. |
| Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers. | True |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | Brachial |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | Sensory |
| “Fight-or-flight” physiological changes include all of the following except: | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater. |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: | medulla. |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: | pia mater |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: | vestibulocochlear. |
| Which of the following might occur from the stimulation of parasympathetic fibers? | Increased peristalsis in the digestive tract |
| Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? | Cervical |
| The lumbar plexus gives rise to the _____ nerve. | femoral |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. | Six |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the: | subdural space |
| The brainstem does not include the: | cerebellum. |
| Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. | False |
| The areas specializing in language functions are found in the left cerebral hemisphere in: | about 90% of the population. |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. | cervical |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | tenth |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | accessory. |
| Impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum? | Reticular activating system |
| There are _____ ventricles in the brain. | four |
| Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for movements of the tongue? | Hypoglossal |
| Identify the letter that indicates the structure that contains receptors for rotational acceleration. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes corticosteroids. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the hypophysis. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates the brain region that secretes releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is important in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is the boundary between the external and middle ear. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates a gland that regulates circadian rhythms | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the portion of the fibrous layer known as the sclera. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes a hormone controlling basal metabolic rate. | B |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Identify the letter that indicates the transparent portion of the fibrous layer. | D |
| In the diagram above #3 indicates | cribiform plate of ethmoid bone |
| Identify the letter that indicates the middle ear ossicle that is known as the stirrup. | B |
| In the diagram above, following the sensation of touch from the skin up the spinal cord to the brain, what is the final destination (the blue area) called? | Primary somatosensory cortex |
| In the diagram above #6 indicates | Olfactory neurons |
| Identify the letter that indicates the ciliary body. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the structure that is called the cochlea. | D |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial |
| Identify the letter that indicates the anterior segment, which is filled with aqueous humor. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates an immune organ that also secretes hormones. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the region of the retina that contains only cones and provides maximal visual acuity. | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates an organ that secretes hormones controlling blood sugar levels. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates a "master gland" that secretes at least nine hormones. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes melatonin. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates a commissure connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres. | B |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | the thyroid |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum. |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ. |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | Beta cells |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial. |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| Identify the letter that indicates the aortic arch. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that develops into phagocytic cells called macrophages. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the internal jugular vein. | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates anchor points for chordae tendineae, composed of cells from the myocardium. | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates the left coronary artery. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the brachial artery. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the cephalic vein. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the fraction that of leukocytes that represents monocytes. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that produces antibodies. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents basophils. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the longest vein in the body. | E |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the ligamentum arteriosum. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the left common carotid artery. | A |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the renal artery. | B |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the fraction of leukocytes that represents neutrophils | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates the ulnar artery. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the left auricle. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the formed element of the blood that is packed with molecules of hemoglobin. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates the layer common to all blood vessels regardless of their size. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates the subendothelial layer associated with larger blood vessels. | B |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. | protein molecules present |
| Identify the letter that is indicating the lumen. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates formed elements of the blood that are important in blood clotting. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the vessel that is easy to find in most people and is used to obtain blood. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the location of the bundle branches. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the common iliac artery. | A |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries. |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | sympathetic parasympathetic both A and B |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves. |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| All of the following are granulocytes except | lymphocytes. |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium. |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin. |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia. |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation | systemic |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremity |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a | E wave. |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | Kidneys |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis. |
| A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n) | ECG |
| Platelets play an important role in | Blood clotting |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium. |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremities |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium. |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| Identify the letter that indicates where most nutrient and waste exchange occurs between the tissue and blood. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates the large lymph vessel that drains three-quarters of the body. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates lymph nodes that direct lymph fluid to the jugular trunks. | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates a vessel that carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the first structure to receive lymph from both the lumbar and intestinal trunks and is located on the surface of L1 and L2 vertebrae. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates where lymph collected from the right arm enters the bloodstream. | A |
| Identify the letter that indicates collagen fibers that anchor lymphatic capillaries to surrounding connective tissue. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the unique arrangement of endothelial cells that make up lymphatic capillaries. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates inguinal lymph nodes that filter lymph from the lower limbs. | E |
| Identify the letter that indicates the smallest lymphatic vessel that collects lymph in the peripheral tissue. | B |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| A tumor of the lymphoid tissue is called | lymphoma. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | Antigen's epitopes fit into and bind to an antibody molecule's antigen-binding sites |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the soft wall of the trachea allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly. | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates the vestibular fold, or false vocal cord. | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates a muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach. | A |
| The vibrissae function as | filters |
| Gas exchange occurs only in the | alveoli. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the fibromusculocartilaginous layer with hyaline cartilaginous rings that allow the trachea to bend and elongate but not collapse. | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that folds over the opening of the larynxthe glottis. The function of this cartilage is to prevent aspiration of foods and liquids into the lower respiratory tubes. | B |
| Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that anchors the vocal cords posteriorly | A |
| During respiration, the thorax | becomes larger when the chest is raised. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube. | B |
| If you were to trace the movement of air through the nose into the pharynx, it would pass through the following structures in which order? | anterior nares, vestibule, meatus, and posterior nares |
| Identify the letter that indicates a flexible tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing. | E |
| The trachea divides at its lower end into two | primary bronchi |
| The microscopic cilia function to | move mucus toward the pharynx |
| The air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity are called | paranasal sinuses |
| A common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree is | acute bronchitis. |
| The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs make up the | lower respiratory tract |
| Identify the letter that indicates the vocal fold, or true vocal cord | E |
| The _____ of each lung lies against the ribs and is rounded to match the contours of the thoracic cavity | costal surface |
| The small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the | epiglottis. |
| The roof of the nose is separated from the cranial cavity by a portion of the ethmoid bone called the | cribriform plate |
| Identify the letter that indicates a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air | D |
| Identify the letter that indicates the uvula | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates Ciliated cells in this layer transport mucus laden with dust, bacteria, pollen, and viruses towards the pharynx | C |
| Identify the letter that indicates the trachealis muscle | B |
| The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with a fluid containing | surfactant |
| Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that has a laryngeal prominence that is also known as the "Adam's apple." | D |
| Which organ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or fibrous and elastic tissue components? | larynx |
| An inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways of the lungs is called | pneumonia. |
| Identify the letter that indicates structures that assist in filtering, heating, and humidifying inspired air. | A |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | They serve in voice production. |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | Vestibule |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | Distributes oxygen to cells |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat. |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: | epiglottis. |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: | horizontal fissure. |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx. |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils. anterior nares. external nares. all of the above. |
| The small openings in the cribriform plate function to: | allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain. |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the pharynx | Determines the quality of the voice |
| Which of the following is true of the cribriform plate? | It separates the nasal and cranial cavities. |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the: | trachea. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate. |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| Which of the following does not distribute air? | Alveolus |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum. |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm. | 11 |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the | maxillary |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx. |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli. |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: | thyroid cartilage. |
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