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Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some forms of toxic substances the skin protects from | Chemicals, Sunlight, Biological |
| What are some things skin is not impermeable to | Gases, fat-soluble vitamins and steroids, plant oleoresin, organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, penetration enhancers for ointment administration |
| What are functions of the skin | Protection from toxic substances, temp regulation, sensory information, key metabolic reactions, blood reservoir (5%), excretion of urea, uric acid, and ammonia in sweat |
| What are the 3 layers of skin | Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis |
| What layers of skin form the cutaneous tissue | Epidermis and dermis |
| What cell types are present in the epidermis | Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic (Langerhans) cells, tactile (Merkel) cells |
| Whare the layers of the epidermis, from most superficial to deepest | Stratum corneum, Stratum ludicum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum Basale (germinativum) |
| What layer of the epidermis is responsible for the renewal of keratinocytes? | Stratum Basale |
| Where is stratum ludicum found? | Only in thick skin of palms, hands, and soles of feet |
| Do keratinocytes have a nucleus? | No |
| What are flexure lines? | Places where the dermis has folds to accommodate joint movement |
| What cell types exist in the dermis? | Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells |
| What is the function of fibroblasts? | Secrete collagen proteins that are used to maintain structural framework |
| What is the function of mast cells? | Respond to infections by releasing histamine which causes vasodilation to allow entry of immune cells from blood |
| What are the layers of the dermis? | Papillary layer, Reticular layer |
| What forms finger and toe prints? | Dermal papillae forming an epidermal ridge/friction ridge |
| What is a blister? | Fluid-filled separation of epidermis from dermis |
| What direction does the dense irregular connective tissue in the reticular layer of the dermis primarily run? | Along cleavage (tension) lines |
| What structures does the hypodermis contain? | Blood vessels, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue which is anchored to underlying structures |
| What is the white crescent-shape appearance on nails called, and why does it occur? | Lunula, due to thicker nail bed which blocks the pink colour from the capillaries |
| What is the hyponychium? | The skin past the nail bed and under the free edge of the nail near your fingertip that serves as a barrier from germs and debris |
| What could a yellow nail mean? | Fungal infection or serious respiratory disease/thyroid gland disorder |
| What could a thickened yellowish nail mean? | Fungal infection |
| What could a spoon shaped nail indicate? | Iron deficiency |
| What could beau's lines on nails indicate? | Malnutrition |
| What are the two types of hair? | Fine vellus body hair, terminal hair |
| What are the three layers of hair from deepest to most superficial? | Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle |
| What layer of hair is fine vellus body hair missing? | Medulla |
| What are the three parts/section of a hair, from most superficial to deepest? | Shaft, root, bulb |
| What differentiates curly hair from straight hair? | Straight hair has a circular shaft, curly hair has an ovular shaft |
| What are the follicle layers covering the cuticle? | Internal and external epithelial root sheath, glassy membrane, connective tissue root sheath |
| What are the two growth cycles of hair? | Active growth cycle, regressive growth cycle |
| What is male pattern baldness (alopecia) partly caused by? | Androgens shortening the hair growth cycles |
| What is hirsutism | Male pattern growth on face, chest and back in women |
| What are the follicle structures? | Arrector pili muscles, sebaceous gland (holocrine gland), Sweat glands (eccrine) |
| What are two modified sweat glands and what are their functions? | Ceruminous glands: secrete cerumen (wax) into ear canal which repels insects. Mammary glands: in woman's breasts for milk production |
| What depth of damage does each degree of burn signify? | 1st: damages epidermis 2nd: damages epidermis and superficial dermis 3rd: damages epidermis and dermis |
| Describe how the body is split into percentages to estimate burn surface area? | Trunk: 18% Each lower limb: 9% Head and each upper limb: 4.5% x2 of above = 99% Perineum: 1% |
Created by:
eetch050
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