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Bones
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are functions of bone tissue | Support Protection of fragile organs like the brain or heart Anchorage for muscles to produce movement Mineral storage Blood cell formation in red bone marrow Fat storage in yellow bone Hormone production |
| What does increased force applied to bone cause? | Stimulates the remodeling to increase bone strength (denser matrix of calcium and fibers). Decreased force has the opposite effect |
| How do can bones act as mineral storage | where a drop in blood calcium trigger parathyroid hormone release which stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone and release calcium into the blood to restore normal levels |
| What are functions of cartilage tissue | Provide flexible support which bends rather than breaks Provides a smooth and compressible surface for articulations Provides a matrix for the development of bone |
| What are the 4 "bone cells" and what do they do? | Osteogenic cells (stem cell) which forms osteoblasts Osteoblasts for bone growth, which form osteocytes Osteocytes to repair and maintain health of mature bone Osteoclast to resorb bone (remodeling of mature bone together with osoteocyte) |
| Give a basic outline of the architecture of outer compact bone | -Osteon (haversian) system formed of elongated cylinders (osteons) parallel to long axis of bone, surrounded by hollow tubes of bone matrix like tree rings (lamellae) -Osteocytes b/w lamellae (lacunae) -Lacunae interconnected by small canals (canaliculi |
| What is the purpose of compact bone | Forms a dense outer layer of all bones |
| Give a basic outline of the architecture of outer compact bone pt 2 | -Blood flow perpendicular to haversian canal provided by perforating (Volkmann's canals) -Entire structure covered by circumferential lamella forming sheets of bone |
| What are the two types of bone canals | Osteons (haversian) Perforating (Volkmann's) canals |
| Give a basic outline of the architecture of spongy (trabecular) bone | -inner core of bones -Sponge-like small branches (trabeculae) with spaces for red bone marrow (RBC formation) and yellow marrow (fat stroage) -Trabeculae thing and irregular, often remodeled with stress to give strength -Blood vessels and neurons |
| What are the two connective bone linings and where are they found | Periosteum: covers bone with an outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic (bone forming) layer Endosteum: lines canals of compact bone and trabeculae of spongy bone |
| What are the four bone shapes | Long bones, Irregular bones, Flat bones, Short bones |
| Describe long bones | Shaft (diaphysis) 2 ends (epiphysis) covered with hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal line between shaft and ends |
| What is the epiphyseal line? | A remnant of the cartilaginous epiphyseal growth plate after epiphyseal plate closure |
| What are the two types of osteogenesis/ossification | Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification |
| When and how does intramembranous ossification occur? | -8 weeks of embryonic development -Flat bones of skull and clavicle develop from a fibrous connective tissue membrane containing mesenchymal cells which differentiate into bone forming cells |
| What to mesenchymal cells do | Differentiate into bone forming cells |
| When does endochondral ossification occur? | Second month of development via replacement of hyaline cartilage, until 18-21 years old |
| How many primary/secondary ossifications are there, and what are they responsible for? | For long bones 1 primary center for shaft 2 secondary centers for ends |
| How do long bones continue to grow after secondary ossification? | Hyaline cartilage remains on epiphyseal surfaces at the articular cartilages/the junctions of the diaphysis and epiphyses to form the epiphyseal plates which allow the long bones to continue growing. Interstitial growth occurs until epip. plate closure |
| What type of ossification centers are in irregular bones? | Several distinct ossification centers, not identified as primary or secondary |
| What are examples of bones that continuously grow? | Nose, lower jaw |
| How do all bones grow in width? | Osteoblasts on the periosteal side secrete bone matrix while osteoclast on the endosteal side remove bone matrix |
| What is the first step of bone repair? | 1. Bleeding stimulates the formation of a hematoma, death of oxygen-deprived bone cells, and inflammation which causes pain |
| What is the second step of bone repair? | Hematoma transforms into a soft fibrocartilaginous callus that is invaded by blood vessels bringing macrophages to clean up area. osteoclasts resorb damaged bone. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts lay down tissue components to span the break |
| What is the third step of bone repair? | 3. Conversion of the fibrocartilaginous callus into trabecular bone callus (2 months) |
| What is the fourth step of bone repair? | 4. Bone remodeling to regain original shape by removal of any extra boney material and converting trabecular bone callus int original compact bone (few years) |
| What is osteoporosis, and what is it caused by? | Bone resorption > Bone formation = porous bones Occurs mostly in neck of femur and spine Insufficient exercise, poor calcium/protein diet, abnormal vitamin D receptors, smoking, old age |
| What are the two types of cartilage cells? | Chondroblasts: immature cartilage cells that actively form cartilage Chondrocytes: mature cartilage cells found in lacunae that maintain cartilage |
| What are the three types of cartilage? | Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
| What is the composition of cartilage? | Collagen fibers 80% water, no blood vessels Ground substance Glycosaminoglycans Chondroitin sulfate Hyaluronic acid Covered by perichondrium |
| Which is the most abundant type of cartilage, where is it found, and what does it do? | Hyaline: found in embryonic skeleton, articular ends of long bones, epip. plates in children, costal cartilages of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx. Provides support/cushioning during compressive stress |
| What does elastic cartilage allow for? Where is it found? | found in the external ear and epiglottis. Like hyaline, but contains more elastic fibers to allow bending and return to original shape |
| Which cartilage is best at providing tensile strength/absorbing stress, and where is it found? | Fibrocartilage - rows of alternating chondrocytes and collagen to produce structure between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue. Found in interverbal discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joints where hyaline meets ligaments/tendons |
Created by:
eetch050
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