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VET 113- Anatomy + F
Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Main Function | to bring O2 into the body and carry out CO2 |
| Secondary Functions | phonation, body temp regulation, acid-base balance regulation, sense of smell |
| External Respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between the inhaled air and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. |
| Internal Respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and all the cells and tissues of the body. |
| Upper Respiratory Structures | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea |
| Lower Respiratory Structures | bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts, thorax |
| Nares | entrance to the respiratory tract, leads into the nasal passages |
| Nasal Passages | between the nares and the pharynx, separated by nasal septum |
| Nasal Passage Function | warm/humidify/filter inhaled air |
| Paranasal Sinuses | ciliated outpouchings of the nasal passages, helps prevent fluid and debris from accumulating. Typically 2 frontal and 2 maxillary sinuses. Named after the bone that houses it. |
| Pharynx (Throat) | common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems, swallowing. Opens dorsally into the esophagus and ventrally into the larynx, divided into nasopharynx and oropharynx by the soft palate. |
| Larynx | short irregular tube connecting pharynx with the trachea, supported in place by the hyoid bone. Contains epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage. |
| Epiglottis | this is pulled back to cover the opening of the larynx during swallowing. |
| Arytenoid Cartilage | muscles attached to the vocal cord adjust the tension of the vocal cords by moving the cartilages. This forms the boundaries of the glottis. |
| Larynx Functions | voice production, prevention of foreign material being inhaled, controls airflow to and from the lungs, straining, aspiration pneumonia. |
| Trachea | short wide tube that extends from the larynx into the thorax, composed of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by hyaline cartilage rings. Has bifurcation (division) at the bottom into each lung. |
| Bronchial Tree | air flow into the bronchus > bronchi > smaller bronchi > bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs. The passageway diameter can be adjusted by autonomic nervous system. |
| Alveoli | the site of external respiration. Tiny thin-walled sacs of simple squamous epithelium that's surrounded by networks of capillaries. |
| Lungs | divided into lobes: left (cranial and caudal) and right (cranial, middle, caudal and accessory). Contains a base (rests on diaphragm), apex (top), and convex lateral surface. |
| Turbinates | occupies most of the lumen of the nasal passage. Consists of dorsal and ventral turbinates. Nasal meatus (passageways). These are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains cilia and goblet cells. |
| Hilus | small, well-defined area on medial side of lung (space in middle) includes the heart. Only place where the lungs are anchored in place. |
| Thoracic Cavity | contains the mediastinum, pleura, and diaphragm |
| Negative Intrathoracic Pressure | pressure in the thorax is negative in comparison to the atmospheric pressure. Pulls lungs tight out against the thoracic wall and helps draw blood through veins. |
| Inspiration | results from enlargement of the volume of the thoracic cavity by the inspiratory muscles, diaphragm and external intercostal (between the lungs) muscles. |
| Expiration | results from decrease in size of thoracic cavity, internal intercostal (between the lungs) muscles and abdominal muscles. |
| Tidal Volume | volume of air inspired and expired during one breath. Varies according to the body's need. |
| Minute Volume | volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute of breathing |
| Residual Volume | volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration. |
| Alveolar Gas Exchnage | simple diffusion of gas molecules according to concentration gradient. O2 diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood of the alveolar capillary, CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveolus. |
| Respiratory Center | area in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem. Has individual control centers for inspiration, expiration, breath holding and are controlled by nerve impulses from a subconscious part of the brain. |
| Mechanical Control System | sets routine inspiration and expiration limits during rest, automatic. Net effect is to maintain a normal, rhythmic, resting breathing. |
| Chemical Control System | monitors the levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance. Chemical receptors in brain stem, carotid artery and aorta monitor blood CO2, pH, and O2 in the arterial blood. |
| Mediastinum | contains heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic structures. |
| Pleura | membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and the lungs. Has 2 layers: visceral (organ) and parietal (lines cavity). Pleural fluid fills the space in between. |
| Diaphragm | important respiratory muscle, separates abdomen from the chest. |
| Chemical Control System Function | ^ CO2 and decreased pH triggers respiratory center to ^ rate and depth of respiration Decreased CO2 increases pH and triggers respiratory center to decrease rate and depth of respiration |
| Hypoxia in Chemical Control System | -slight hypoxia triggers respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing -severe hypoxia causes the neurons to become so depressed that adequate nerve impulses cannot be sent to the respiratory muscles. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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