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VET 113- Anatomy + F
Urinary System- chp 18
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolic Waste Products | potentially harmful substances to the body, must be eliminated, can be harmful if allowed to accumulate. |
| Routes for Waste Product Elimination | -respiratory system, sweat glands, digestive system, urinary system |
| The Urinary System | single most important route for removal of waste products, major route for elimination of excess water |
| Urinary System Parts | -kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Kidneys | this constantly produces urine the facilitate elimination of metabolic waste materials, is located in the dorsal abdominal area. Surrounded by a layer of perirenal fat. Is dented on the medial side |
| Right Kidney | part of the kidney that is more cranial, except for in pigs. |
| Hilus | indented area on the medial side of the kidney (gross anatomy) |
| Renal Pelivs | funnel-shaped area inside the hilus, part of the kidney (gross anatomy) |
| Gross Anatomy of the Kidney | description: is a fibrous connective tissue capsule. Contains a hilus, renal pelvis, renal cortex, renal medulla, and calyx |
| Nephron | basic functional unit of the kidneys, number varies with size of the animal. Contains the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). |
| Renal Corpuscle | located in the renal cortex, filters blood in first stage of urine production. |
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) | part of the kidney that is a continuation of capsular space of Bowman's capsule, has re-absorption/secretion functions. |
| Loop of Henle | part of the kidney that continues from PCT, descends in medulla and makes a U-turn back into the cortex. |
| Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) | a continuation of ascending loop of Henle, DCTs from all nephrons in the kidney empty into collecting ducts. |
| Nerve Supply to the Kidney | primary from sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system, not essential for kidney function. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels which temporarily decreases urine function |
| Afferent Glomerular Arterioles | part of the renal artery that is subdivided into series of these. They carry blood to renal corpuscle |
| Glomerular Capillaries | filter some plasma out of the blood in the kidneys. |
| Peritubular Capillaries | tiny blood vessels in the kidneys. They filter waste from the blood and transfers oxygen to the cells of nephron. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occue at this level. |
| Mechanisms of Renal Action | -filtration of blood, reabsorption of useful substances, secretion of waste products |
| Reabsorption | when useful substances leave tubules of nephron and enter into blood of peritubular capillaries. |
| Secretion | occurs primarily in DCT, this eliminates waste products (hydrogen, potassium, ammonia, some medications). |
| Urine Volume | is determined by amount of water contained in tubular filtrate when it reaches the renal pelvis. Controlled by the actions of 2 hormones (antidiuretic hormone [ADH] and aldosterone) |
| Regulation of Blood Pressure | the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system responds when blood pressure falls and renin is released to split enzyme angiotensin. As blood volume increases, so does blood pressure. |
| Golmerulus | part of the kidney that is surrounded by the Bowman's capsule (microscopic anatomy). |
| Bloody Supply to the Kidney | occurs because the renal artery enters the hilus. The artery subdivides to become a series of afferent glomerular arterioles. |
| Blood Filtration | occurs in the renal corpuscle, high blood pressure in golmerular capillaries forces some plasma into capsular space of Bowman's capsule. |
| Sodium Reabsorption | when sodium in tubular filtrate attaches to a carrier protein. Usually exchanged for hydrogen, ammonium, or potassium ions |
| Potassium and Calcium | are reabsorbed in the PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and DCT |
| Magnesium | reabsorbed from PCT, ascending loop of Henle, and the collecting duct |
| Chloride Ions | diffuse from tubular filtrate into epithelial cells and interstitial space in response to electrical imbalance created by sodium removal. |
| Ureters | tubes that exit the kidney and then connect to the urinary bladder , composed of 3 layers, enters the bladder at an oblique angle, openings collapse when bladder is full |
| Trigone | arrangement of openings of ureters into bladder and opening from bladder into urethra |
| The Urinary Bladder | stores urine as it is produced, releases urine periodically from the body. Has 2 parts (muscular sac and neck) |
| Urinary Bladder Anatomy | contains transitional epithelium that stretches as bladder fills with urine, detrusor muscle contracts to expel urine. Has circular sphincter muscles around the neck of bladder |
| Micturition/Uresis | urination |
| Urine Accumulation | 1st step of urination. The bladder constantly accumulates urine, stretch receptors in bladder wall are activated, pressure of filling bladder reaches certain trigger point |
| Muscle Contraction | 2nd step of urination. The spinal reflex is activated, motor impulse is sent to detrusor muscle, smooth muscle in bladder wall contracts, bladder is emptied if animal is not housebroken |
| Sphincter Muscle Control | 3rd step of urination. Voluntary control of sphincter around neck of bladder offers temporary control of urination, fuller = more pressure on the sphincter muscle, eventually the sphincter muscle relaxes (urine released). |
| Urethra | the continuation of the neck of the bladder, it carries urine from the bladder to the external environment, runs through the pelvic canal |
| Female Urethra | urethra that is shorter and straighter, opens on floor of the vestibule of the vulva, lined w/ transitional epithelium to allow expanding. Only carries urine |
| Male Urethra | urethra that is longer and curved, runs along the ventral aspect of the penis, lined w/ transitional epithelium to allow expansion. Has urinary and reproductive functions (urine or semen) |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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