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G. Sweatfield
SCI22 weeks 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called? | sagittal |
| The abdomino-pelvic cavity contains what organs? | liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters. The bladder, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries in females; prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and part of the vas deferens in males), large intestine |
| What is the definition of anatomy? | Anatomy is often defined as study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. Where things are located |
| What is the definition of physiology? | Physiology is the science that deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts. How things work |
| What are the characteristics of human life? | Responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, reproduction |
| An organ is one organizational level higher than a(n)? | Tissue |
| The number of abdominal regions is? | Nine: Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, Right lumbar (flank) region Umbilical region, Left lumbar (flank) region, Right iliac (inguinal) region, Hypogastric (pubic) region, Left iliac (inguinal) region |
| Popliteal refers to the? | Area behind the knee |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n): | Tissue |
| Blood production is a function of which system | Skeletal |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | organelles |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| What position describe anatomical position? | Body erect, head facing forward, arms extended from shoulders, palms up |
| Proximal | Closest to truck |
| Distal | Away from trunk |
| Medistinum contains what organs | Heart Trachea Right and left bronchi, Esophagus, Thymus gland,Aortic arch and thoracic aorta Venae cavae Various lymph nodes and nerves Thoracic duct |
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n): | Organ |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are: | Cells |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions | left and right |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint | umbilicus |
| What is the anatomical direction term that means nearer the surface | superficial |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | ventral and dorsal |
| The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _____ plane | Transverse |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions | Front and back |
| Gall Bladder is found in what region? | Right hypochondriac |
| Powerhouse of the cell? | Mitochondria |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is? | Coronal |
| What are molecules? | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of? | Protons |
| An example of a catabolic process is | Hydrolysis |
| An ionic bond is formed by? | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: | Anabolism, Catabolism, ATP requirement |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | Synthesis |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of? | One proton and two neutrons. |
| The most abundant and important compound(s) in the body is(are): | Water |
| An isotope of an element contains different numbers of ____ from other atoms of the same element? | Neutrons |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? | Helium |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. | Exchange |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is? | Two |
| The octet rule refers to the: | stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| What bonds are the weakest? | Hydrogen |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution? | alkaline (basic) |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | 4 |
| What is not one of the major elements present in the human body? | Zinc |
| What are the properties of water? | High specific heat, high heat of vaporization, strong polarity |
| An example of a catabolic process is? | Hydrolosis |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: | Protons and Neutrons |
| What is a trace element in the body? | Iron |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called: | Bases |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. | 12; 13; 10 |
| Acids do what? | Protein donor, taste sour, release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. |
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n | Electron |
| What happens as the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases? | solution becomes more acidic. |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | Dehydration synthesis. |
| The approximate pH of gastric fluid is: | 2 |
| When atoms combine, they may gain, lose, or share: | Electrons |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi Apparatus |
| The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? | Mitochondrion |
| Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | Supplies membrane for use throughout the cell Makes steroid hormones Makes glycoproteins Does NOT: Make site for ribosome attatchement |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the? | Glycoprotein molecules. |
| The presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | Phospholipids |
| The ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center.? | Centrosome |
| Main cell structures include what? | organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm. |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called? | Microvilli |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called? | Cilia |
| Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow | Primary Cilium |
| Rafts are stiff groupings of membrane molecules. What is their function? | Help organize the various components of the plasma membrane. Play an important role in the pinching of a parent cell into two daughter cells. Sometimes allow the cell to form depressions that form a means of carrying substances into the cell |
| Which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells | Immune cells |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | Cell division |
| Which of the following is not true of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | It makes lipids and carbohydrates. |
| A specialized cell structure that propels the sperm is the? | Flagellum |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called? | Chromatin. |
| DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle? | DNA |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by: | Desmosomes |
| Ribosomes contain? | RNA and protein. Composed of a large unit and a small unit |
| Structure or function of the proteasome? | 1.Breaking down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER 2. Looks like a hollow cylindrical drum made of protein subunits 3. Requires the small protein called ubiquitin to pull proteins in |
| Which of the following organelles is considered a non-membranous organelle? | Ribosome |
| Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called? | Caveolae. |
| What direction does the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule face in the cell membrane? | Faces the interior and exterior of the cell. |
| The nucleolus is composed chiefly of? | rRNA |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | Microvilli. |
| Which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the Golgi apparatus? | Lysosomes |
| The fundamental organizational unit of life is the: | Cell |
| The membranous structure containing substances that protect the cell from harm are? | Ribosomes and Lysosomes |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the? | Peroxisomes. |
| A list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read: | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments. |
| The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: | Plasma Membrane |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle? | Mitochondria |
| What organelles allow for the recycling of amino acids in the cell? | Proteasomes |
| The largest human cell, measuring about 150 μm, is a? | Female sex cell or ovum. |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and ? | Epidermis |
| What junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis? | Dermoepidermal |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the? | Epidermis |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called? | Extracellular matrix. |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called? | Keratin |
| The structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the? | Hypodermis |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick ____ layer? | Reticular |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the? | Basement Membrane |
| What are examples of a serous membrane? | pleura peritoneum pericardium |
| What type of muscle has intercalated discs? | Cardiac |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is the? | Fibrocartilage. |
| Examples of principle type of tissue: | epithelial, nervous, connective, muscle NOT cardiac |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands? | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | Epithelial |
| Adipose tissue is considered? | A storage tissue |
| The basic determinant of skin color is? | Melanin |
| The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called _____ membranes. | Synovial |
| Of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is the most abundant? | Collagen |
| What contains osteocytes? | Bones |
| All glands in the body can be classified as either? | Endocrine or exocrine |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | Epiderm |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the? | Arrector Pili muscle |
| 5 Layers of the Epidermis from proximal to distal | Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum |
| Goblet Cells create? | Mucus |
| The two major categories of body membranes are? | Epithelial and connective. |
| Around the sixth month of pregnancy, the developing fetus is almost entirely covered by a fine soft hair coat called the? | Lanugo. |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| The External Ear is composed of? | Elastic cartilage. |
| Extracellular matrix contains? | Water, Protein, proteoglycans. |
| What type of tissue is avascular? | Cartilage |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands, found in the ear, form a brown waxy substance called the? | Cerumen. |
| What is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the body? | Connective |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the? | Neuron |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a? | Matrix |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the? | Lumbar vertebrae. |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the? | Lacrimal |
| The bone that articulates with the temporal bone in the only movable joint of the skull is the? | Mandible |
| Why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs? | Floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum. |
| The texture of the extracellular components of bone matrix are? | Hard and calcified |
| The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the? | Periosteum |
| The two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the? | Radius and Ulna |
| What are the types of bone? | Flat, Irregular, Short, Long |
| Bones of the Axial Skeleton? | Eighty bones make up the axial skeleton. Skull, Ribs, Vertebra, Coccyx, sacrum. 74 bones that form the upright axis of the body and 6 tiny middle ear bones. |
| Bones of the Appedicular Skeleton? | 126 Bones form the appendages to the axial skeleton: the shoulder girdles, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands and the hip girdles, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet. |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | Fontanels |
| Which bone serves as the keystone in the architecture of the cranium? | Sphenoid |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the? | Pubic symphysis. |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the? | Sternum |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called ? | Osteons |
| Which bone is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | Femur |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | Carpals |
| What structures normally hold the foot bones firmly in their arched positions? | Ligaments and tendons |
| The most common type of cartilage is? | Hyaline |
| Which two bones compose the shoulder girdle? | Clavical and Scapula |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally? | Fibula |
| The bone that claims the distinction of being the only bone in the body that articulates with no other bones is the? | Hyoid |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? | Pubis |
| The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the? | Diaphysis |
| Cranium (8 bones) Axial | Frontal (1) Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital (1) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1) |
| Facial (14 Bones) Axial | Nasal (2) Maxillary (2) Zygomatic (malar) (2) Mandible (1) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) (2) Vomer (1) |
| Ear bones (6 bones) Axial | Malleus (hammer) (2) Incus (anvil) (2) Stapes (stirrup) (2) |
| Vertebral column (26 bones) Axial | Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) |
| Sternum and ribs (25 bones) Axial | Sternum (1) True ribs (14) False ribs (10) |
| Upper extremities (including shoulder girdle) (64 bones) Appendicular | Clavicle (2) Scapula (2) Humerus (2) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Carpal bones (16) Metacarpal bones (10) Phalanges (28) |
| Lower extremities (including hip girdle) (62 bones) Appendicular | Coxal (2) Fibula (2) Femur (2) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Tarsal bones (14) Metatarsal bones (10) Phalanges (28) |
| Tuberosity | Oblong, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment; also called a tuber; a small tuberosity is called a tubercle |
| Trochanter | Large bump for muscle attachment (larger than a tubercle or tuberosity) |
| Sulcus | Groove or elongated depression (pl., sulci) |
| _____ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage | Collagenous |
| Spongy bone is characterized by? | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. |
| Foramen | Round hole for vessels and nerves |
| Fossa | Depression; often receives an articulating bone (pl., fossae) |
| Epichondyle | Bump near a condyle; often gives the appearance of a “bump on a bump”; for muscle attachment |
| Crest | Moderately raised ridge; generally a site for muscle attachment |
| Margin | Edge of a flat bone or flat portion of the edge of a flat area |
| Osteoblast | pecialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton |
| Osteoclast | cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity. |
| Medullary cavity | a tubelike hollow space in the diaphysis of a long bone, also called a marrow cavity. In the adult the medullary cavity is filled with connective tissue rich in fat—a substance called yellow marrow |
| Endosteum | —a thin, fibrous membrane that lines the med-ullary cavity of long bones. The endosteum lines the spaces of spongy bone as well. Like the periosteum, the endosteum has various types of bone cells and the stem cells that produce them. |
| Periosteum | —dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces, where articular cartilage forms the covering. |
| Articular cartilage | thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular or joint surfaces of epiphyses. The resiliency of this material cushions jolts and blows |
| Epiphysis | the proximal and distal ends of a long bone. |
| Diaphysis | Main shaftlike portion. Its hollow, cylindrical shape and the thick compact bone that composes it adapt the diaphysis well to its function of providing strong support without adding cumbersome weight |
| Sesamoid Bones | Patella. Sometimes grouped with the irregular bones, often appear singly rather than in groups. The name comes from “sesame seed” because these bones often resemble sesame seeds in size and shape. |
| Irregular Bones | Spine/facial bones. Often clustered in groups and come in various sizes and shapes. |
| Flat Bones | Generally broad and thin with a flattened and often curved surface. Skull, the shoulder blades (scapulae), ribs, and breastbone (sternum). |
| Short Bones | Carpals and Tarsal Bones. Cube-or box-shaped structures that are about as broad as they are long. |
| Long Bones | Femur/Humerus. Cylindrical shape that is longer than it is wide. They also have enlarged and of-ten uniquely shaped ends that articulate with other bones. |
| Osteons | Halverson system. Cylinder-shaped structural units that surround central canal. |
| Compact bone constitutes about what percent of the total bone mass in the adult human body. | 80% |
| Lamellae | Concentric lamellae are cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix in the osteon. Lamellae (layers) of hard bone matrix are also present outside the osteon. Interstitial lamellae are layers of calcified matrix be-tween osteons. |
| Chondrocytes | cells responsible for cartilage formation, and they are crucial for the process of endochondral ossification, which is useful for bone development |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Located sternal ends of the ribs, in larynx, trachea, and bronchi, on the articulating surfaces of bones. The presence of collagen fibers makes such structures and joints strong, but with limited mobility and flexibility. |
| Elastic Cartilage | External ear; the epiglottis for swallowing, auditory (eustachian) tubes. Large numbers of darkly stained elastic fibers confer the elasticity and resiliency typical of this form of cartilage |
| Fibrocartilage | Characterized by abundant fibrous elements within the matrix. It is strong, rigid, and most often associated with regions of dense connective tissue in the body. Pubic symphysis, in intervertebral disks, a |
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gsweatfield
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