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Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells of the _____________ are keratinized and dead. | stratum corneum |
| The epidermal water barrier is formed at the point where epidermal cells pass from | stratum spinosum to stratum granulosum |
| Name a skin conditions or appearances would most likely result from liver failure? | jaundice |
| What does not interfere with microbial invasion of the body | melanization |
| The hair on a 6-year-old’s arms is | vellus hair |
| What term is least related to the rest? | cortex |
| _________________ gland is a scent gland | apocrine |
| _____________ are skin cells with a sensory role. | Tactile cells |
| ________________ glands produce the acid mantle | eccrine sweat glands |
| _______________ skin cells alert the immune system to pathogens | dendritic cells |
| _____________ is sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin. | Insensible perspiration |
| A muscle that causes a hair to stand on end is called a/an _____________ | arrector muscle |
| The process of removing burned skin from a patient is called _____________. | debridement |
| Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood is called _____________. | cyanosis |
| Projections of the dermis toward the skin surface are called _____________. | dermal papillae |
| Cerumen is more commonly known as _____________. | earwax |
| The holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle are called _____________. A _____________ burn destroys the entire dermis. third-degree | sebaceous glands |
| Hairs grow only during the _____________ phase of the hair cycle. A hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projection called the _____________. dermal papilla | anagen |
| A hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projection called the _____________. | dermal papilla |
| A _____________ burn destroys the entire dermis. | third-degree |
| -in | substance—melanin |
| albo | white—albinism |
| dermato- | skin—dermatology |
| dia- | through—diaphoresis |
| homo- | same—homograft |
| lesio- | injure—lesion |
| melano- | black—melanoma |
| -oma | tumor—carcinoma |
| Onycho- | nail—eponychium |
| Pilo- | hair—piloerector |
| True or False Basal cell carcinoma is the rarest form of skin cancer and the least likely to metastasize. | False Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. |
| True or False The number of melanocytes is about the same in all skin colors; dark skin results from the accumulation of melanin in keratinocytes. | True |
| True or False Keratin is the protein of the epidermis; the dermis is composed mainly of collagen. | True |
| True or False Epidermal cells multiply rapidly in the stratum granulosum to produce the thick, protective stratum corneum. | False Epidermal cell multiplication occurs in the stratum basale. |
| True or False Cells of the cortex are also dead; the only living hair cells are in and near the hair bulb. | True |
| True or False The three layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. | False The hypodermis is not considered to be a layer of the skin. |
| True or False Different races have about the same density of melanocytes but different amounts of melanin. | True |
| True or False Pallor indicates a genetic lack of melanin. | A genetic lack of melanin causes albinism, not pallor. Pallor is a temporary, nonhereditary paleness of the skin. |
| True or False Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands are present from birth. | False Apocrine sweat glands develop at puberty. |
| Three kinds of hair, including fetal and adult types | Lanugo, vellus, terminal |
| Freckles, moles, and hemangiomas | A mole (nevus) is an elevated patch of melanized skin, . Freckles are flat patches that vary with heredity and exposure to the sun. Birthmarks, or hemangiomas are patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries. |
| The name of the branch of medicine that deals with the integumentary system | Dermatology |
| What is the integumentary system? | The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. |
| The two principal layers of the skin, and the name of the connective tissue layer that lies between the skin and the deeper muscle or other tissue | Epidermis and dermis; Subcutaneous or hypodermis is the connective tissue layer |
| Functions of the skin | Protective barrier (intact skin, reduces water loss, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, immune system, secretion of chemicals and excretes waste |
| Five histological layers of thick skin and which of them is lacking from thin skin | Stratum basale- deepest- mitosis stratum spinosum- 8-10 layers of keratinocytes stratum granulosome- protein conversion for keratin stratum lucidum- absent in thin stratum corneum- many layers of flat dead cells |
| Five kinds of epidermal cells, their respective functions, and the epidermal layers in which they occur | Keratinocytes-tough fibrous protein- originate in stratum basale and travel up though Melanocytes- produce pigment- s. basale Langerhans (dendritic) immune- s. spinosum, granulosum Merkel (tactile)- sensory touch- s. basale stem cells- s. basale |
| The life history of a keratinocyte from the time it is “born” by mitosis at the base of the epidermis to the time it exfoliates from the surface | Keratinocytes are produced deep in the epidermis by the mitosis of stem cells. deepest keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum also continue dividing. Mitosis requires a supply of oxygen and nutrients, which these deep cells acquire from the nearby dermis. |
| Fiber and cell types of the dermis, other dermal structures, and the typical thickness of the dermis | elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, Collagen fibers; It ranges from 0.2 mm thick in the eyelids to about 4 mm thick in the palms and soles. |
| Dermal papillae, epidermal ridges, their function, and their relationship to the surface appearance of skin | The dermal and epidermal boundaries thus interlock like cardboard, an arrangement that resists slippage of the epidermis across the dermis. The dermal papillae produce the raised areas between the furrows. On the fingertips, produce fingerprints. |
| Composition and functions of the hypodermis, and an alternative name for it when it is composed predominantly of adipose tissue | The boundary between the dermis and hypodermis is indistinct, but the hypodermis generally has more areolar and adipose tissue. It pads the body and binds the skin to the underlying tissues. subcutaneous tissue |
| Factors that account for the variety of normal skin colors | Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin |
| Friction ridges, flexion lines, | Friction ridges are the markings on the fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch. Flexion lines (flexion creases) are the lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, and other places |
| How the keratin of hair and nails differs from keratin of the epidermis | They are composed of thin, dead, scaly cells, densely packed together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin. Keratin in the skin's outer layer helps create a protective barrier. |
| Vellus hair | Vellus hair constitutes about two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, and all the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp. |
| The three regions of a hair from base to tip, and the three layers of a hair from core to surface | base to tip, bulb, root, shaft inside out, are the medulla, cortex, and cuticle. |
| Location of a hair’s growth zone and of its source of nourishment | Above the papilla is a region of mitotically active cells, the hair matrix, the hair’s growth center. The bulb grows around a bud of vascular connective tissue called the dermal papilla, which provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition. |
| The two layers of a hair follicle; their composition; and the specialized nerve endings and smooth muscle associated with a follicle | The portion of a hair above the skin is called the shaft, and all that beneath the surface is the root. The root penetrates deeply into the dermis or hypodermis and ends with a dilation called the bulb. |
| The basis for differences between straight, wavy, and curly hair and for differences in hair color | Hair color is due to pigment granules in the cells of the cortex. The texture of hair is related to differences in cross-sectional shape straight hair is round, wavy hair is oval, and tightly curled hair is relatively flat. |
| Events of the anagen, catagen, and telogen stages of a hair’s life; the typical life span and growth rate of scalp hairs | anagen- growth stage new cells added to base of root hair, 2-6 years catagen- hair follicle atrophies, growth stops, 2-3 weeks, becomes club hair telogen- resting @ 3 months followed by new growth stage |
| Alopecia, pattern baldness, and hirsutism | Alopecia areata- partial of complete lack of hair- autoimmune Androgenic alopecia- pattern baldness- inherited hirsutism- Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy, especially in women and children |
| The anatomy of fingernails and toenails; location of their growth zone; and a typical rate of nail growth | Free edge, nail body, lunula, nail root, cuticle (eponychium) Lunula- mitosis occurs, cells undergo keratinization to become hard (1 mm per week in the fingernails) protective covering on ends on fingers and toes |
| Apocrine and eccrine sweat gland distribution, development, structure, and function | Apocrine occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, and areola, and in mature males, in the beard area. Eccrine (merocrine) are over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. function is to cool the body. |
| The same characteristics of sebaceous glands; the name of their product; and how their mode of secretion differs from that of the sweat glands | Sebaceous produce an oily secretion called sebum. They are flask-shaped, with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle) although some of them open directly onto the skin surface. keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked. |
| Ceruminous gland distribution, development, structure, and function | modified apocrine glands found only in the external ear canal. yellow, waxy secretion combines with sebum/dead epidermal cells to form earwax, or cerumen. coiled, simple tubular glands with ducts leading to hair follicles / skin surface of the ear canal. |
| Mammary gland structure and development and how mammary glands relate to a type of sweat glands | are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. modified apocrine sweat glands that produce a richer secretion and channel it through ducts to a nipple for more efficient conveyance to the offspring. |
| Three forms of skin cancer and differences in their appearance, the cells in which they originate, their frequency of occurrence, and their severity | Basal cell carcinoma- most common- shiny bump on surface- arises from stratum basale Squamous cell carcinoma- cancer of keratinocytes, scaly lesion, concave, head, neck, face- excised Melanoma- cancer of melanocytes- most dangerous/ rare |
| Three degrees of burns | 1st - superficial partial- thickness, red, pain, no blisters 2nd- deep- partial thickness, epidermis and dermis, blisters 3rd- full thickness- destroys all layers of schon- skin graft |
| What is the integument? | your skin, the body's outer covering |
| The superficial layer of the dermis, and how they differ histologically and functionally | papillary region- this zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae. Corpuscle for touch and free nerve endings for pain reception. allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses and rich in small blood vessels. |
| The deep layer of the dermis, and how they differ histologically and functionally | reticular region- dense irregular connective tissue containing thick collagen fibers and elastic fibers derived from fibroblasts. it is much more fibrous than cellular, and thus tougher than the papillary layer. |
| abnormal skin colors and their causes | Albinism- lack of melanocytes= no color Jaundice- liver malfunction Cyanosis- poor blood circulation/ oxygen Pale- nutritional deficiency, anemia |
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