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Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 1 - 4 Study guide

QuestionAnswer
What is the relationship between structure (Anatomy) and function (physiology) Anatomy influences Physiology- Structure determines function
Examples of biological levels or organization Atom: Hydrogen Molecule: H2O Macromolecule: Protein Organelle: Smooth ER Cell: Eukaryotic Tissue: Nervous Organ: Stomach Organ System: Digestive Organism: Human
What are the active and passive membrane transport mechanisms Passive transport: Diffusion, ion/water channel, Gated channel Active transport: uniport, cotransport
What is the relationship between feedback loops and homeostasis Feedback loops help maintain homeostasis
What is ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy currency used by all cells
Difference between isotopes and ions Isotopes: atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons Ion: an atom that has lost or gain an electron
Structure of isotopes and their importance to diagnostic medicine Iodine-131: widely used in treating thyroid cancer and in imaging the thyroid also in diagnosis of abnormal liver function Iron-59: used in iron metabolism in the spleen Potassium-42: determination of exchangeable potassium in coronary blood flow
Physiological importance and their examples of hydrogen-, ionic-, and covalent bonds
pH scale and characteristics of acids and bases pH scale: 0-14 is a log scale Acids: dissolve in water and release H+ ions (1-6) Bases: dissolves in water and release OH- ions (8-14)
Inorganic vs. organic substance and the 4-organic compounds found in the human body Inorganic substances: dissolve in H2O to form ions (in the body: H2O, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts) Organic substances: contain Carbon and Hydrogen (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids)
Relative size of various cell types - sperm cell = 30 - RBC = 100 - Lymphocyte = 130 - neutrophil = 300 - Beta cells = 1,000 - Enterocyte = 1,400 - Fibroblast = 2,000 - HeLa, cervix = 3,000 - Hair cell = 4,000 - Osteoblast = 4,000 - Alve. macrohpage - Cardiomyocyte - Megakaryoc
What is Cell differentiation, embryonic stem cells cell differentiation: cells that develop differently from embryonic stem cells embryonic stem cells: undifferentiated preserved cells from umbilical blood
Cellular organelle functions
Functions of membrane proteins membrane proteins facilitate a variety of cellular functions - intracellular joining - enzymatic activity - transport (active/passive) -cell-cell recognition -anchorage/attachment -signal transduction
Active vs. Passive transport active transport: pump-mediated passive transport: carrier-mediated, channel-mediated, free
What is anabolism, catabolism, & metabolism
ATP-ADP cycle
Stages of aerobic cellular respiration
Location & #ATP produced by oxidative or substrate-level phosphorylation
Anaerobic cellular resiparation & the Cori Cycle
Created by: Jalisa.bland
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