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Osseous tissue/ bone
BIO 168
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Axial skeleton | Rib cage, skull, facial bones, vertebral column (midline) |
| Appendicular skeleton | Arms, legs, feet, hands, scapulae, clavicle and pelvic bones |
| Skeletal system function | 1. Support or structural framework and attachment of soft tissues 2. Storage of minerals and lipids 3. Blood cell production or hemopoiesis 4. Protection of internal organs 5. Leverage for muscular movement |
| Long bones | Long and slender (arm and forearms) (thigh and legs) |
| Short bones | Small and boxy (carpals and tarsals) |
| Flat bones | Thin parallel surfaces (form roof of the skull, sternum and ribs) |
| Irregular bones | Complex shapes with notches or ridges (vertebrae) |
| Sesamoid bones | - Develop in tendons (patella) - Located near joints |
| Sutural bones | Small flat irregular shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull (not all people have or not the same number) |
| Periosteum | Double membrane surrounding bone (outside) |
| Periosteum function | 1. Isolate the bone from surrounding tissue 2. Provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply 3. Actively participates in bone growth and repair |
| Endosteum | Lining the medullary cavity and also covers spongy bone |
| Matrix | Collagen fibers with calcium phosphate will account for 2/3 of weight |
| Calcium phosphate | Interacts with calcium hydroxide hydroxyapatite, which is a hard crystal, inflexible, brittle and resist compression, but will shatter when bent |
| Cells forms... | 2% of bone mass |
| Osteocytes in lacunae | - Found in the concentric lamella around the central canal of compact bone - Ability to communicate with other osteocytes by gap junctions |
| Osteocytes function | Maintain and monitor state of bone |
| Osteoblast | - Produce new bone matrix (osteogenesis) and become trapped by matric to become osteocytes - Makes bone (the beginning) |
| Osteoprogenitor cells | Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblast (located in the periosteum) |
| Osteoclast | - Giant cells that remove bone matrix (osteolysis), related to macrophages - 3-5% exchanged yearly - Break bones |
| Compact bone | Osteon, osteocytes, lamella, and central canal |
| Compact bone function | Strong due to being parallel to long axis |
| Spongy bone | - Lamellae not present arranged in osteons, the matrix forms and plates called trabeculae covered by endosteum - No capillaries, nutrients reach the osteocytes by diffusion along the canaliculi that open onto the surface - Red bone marrow in trabeculae |
| Ossification | Process of replacing other tissues with bone |
| Calcification | The deposition of calcium, salts, occurs during ossification, but it can also occur in other tissue |
| Intramembranous ossification | Bone develops from mesenchyme or other connective tissues directly when the osteoblast differentiate, called dermal bone (skull) (ex. mandible, clavicle) |
| Intramembranous ossification step 1 | - Mesenchymal cells first cluster together and star to secrete the matrix - As calcification occurs the cells differentiate into osteoblast (ossification center) |
| Intramembranous ossification step 2 | Blood vessels begin to grow and become trapped within the bone |
| Intramembranous ossification step 3 | - First spongy bone, remodels around blood vessels to produce osteons typical of compact bone |
| Endochondral ossification | - Bone develops from hyaline cartilage starting around 2nd month - Perichondrium becomes vascular, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblast (release matrix) - Bone collar (diaphysis) - Chondrocytes in center grows, cartilage calcifies |
| Endochondral ossification part 2 | - 3rd month, cavities of cartilage invaded by blood vessels, nerves, osteoblast and spongy bone develops - Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms - Shortly before or after birth secondary ossification centers form at epiphysis |
| Interstitial growth | - Increase in length of bone (tall) - Epiphyseal (growth plate) - Chondrocytes undergo mitosis to produce new cartilage (bone chases cartilage), shaft elongates - At puberty, more hormones, increase osteoblast activity, plate closes at 18-21 |
| Appositional growth | - Increase in width, osteoblast in periosteum secret matrix on external surface of bone |
| Fracture repair | Formation of callus 1) A hematoma forms 2) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3) Bony callus forms 4) Bone remodeling occurs |
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