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Ch. 1: Intro to A&P
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does anatomy study? | Studies the STRUCTURE of the body parts and their forms and organization |
| What is physiology? | Concerns the FUNCTION of the body’s structural machinery, in other words, what the body parts do and how they do it |
| What is the complementarity of structure and function? | Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure |
| List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. | Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism |
| What is the chemical level of organization? | The simplest level of structural hierarchy; atoms, tiny building block of matter made up of subatomic particles, combine to form molecules, which may form macromolecules |
| What is the cellular level organization? | Basic unit of structure and function in all organisms and are the smallest living unit |
| What are tissues? | Groups of similar cells that have a common function |
| What is a organ? | A discrete, complex structure composed of at least two tissue types that perform specific function for the body |
| What is an organ system? | Organs working closely together to accomplish a common purpose |
| What is an organism? | The sum of all structural levels working together to promote life; the highest level of organization |
| What are the 7 characteristics of life? | Metabolism, boundaries, movement, responsiveness, excretion, reproduction, growth |
| What is metabolism? | Broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells; they obtain, release, and utilize energy |
| What is digestion? | Breaking down ingested macromolecules for use in the body |
| What are boundaries? | Internal environment is distinct from external environment |
| What is responsiveness? | Ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment, both internally and externally |
| What is excretion? | Removing wastes |
| What is growth? | Increase in the size of body parts or the organism as a whole |
| What are the requirements of organisms? | Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure |
| What is water? | The most abundant substance in the body. It is required for a variety of metabolic processes, serves as a transport medium, and helps regulate body temperature. |
| What is food? | Substances that provide chemical energy in addition to water |
| What is oxygen? | Gas we use to release energy from nutrients; the energy is then used to drive all of our metabolic processes |
| What is heat? | Form of energy that is a product of our metabolism; partly controls the rate of reactions in the body |
| What is pressure? | The application of force on an object or substance |
| What is homeostasis? | Keeping our internal environment relatively healthy. |
| What is a homeostatic mechanism? | How the body maintains homeostasis |
| What are receptors? | Provides information about specific stimuli in the internal environment |
| What is a control center? | Tells what a particular value should be; includes a set point (normal range) |
| What are effectors? | Elicits responses that alter conditions in the internal environment |
| What is negative feedback? | Variable changes in a direction opposite to the initial change |
| What is positive feedback? | Moves conditions away from normal state/set point; change that occurs proceeds in the same direction as the original disturbance, causing the variable to shift further from its original value |
| Define axial | Head, neck, and trunk |
| Define appendicular | Limbs |
| List the axial body cavities | Cranial, spinal, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities |
| What is mediastinum? | Contains the pericardial cavity |
| What is a diaphragm? | Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| What are viscera? | Organs within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| List the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes. | Serosa/serous membrane, parietal serosa, visceral serosa, serous fluid |
| What is the main function of the integumentary system? | Body covering |
| What is the main function of the skeleton and muscle system? | Support and movement |
| What is the main function of the nervous and endocrine system? | Integration and coordination |
| What is the main function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system? | Transport |
| What is the main function of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary system? | Absorption and excretion |
| What is the main function of the reproductive system? | Reproductive |
| What is aging? | Passage of time and the accompanying body changes |
| What is relative position? | Terms used to describe the location of a body part in relation to another body part |
| Superior | Part is closer to the head |
| Inferior | Part is closer to the feet |
| Anterior (ventral) | Toward the front |
| Posterior (dorsal) | Toward the back |
| Medial | Closer to the midline (mediastinum) |
| Lateral | Towards the sides; away from the midline |
| Proximal | Closer to the trunk or another specified point of reference |
| Distal | Further from the trunk or another specified point of reference |
| Superficial | Near the surface |
| Deep | Further from the surface |
| Sagittal plane | Divides the body in to left or right parts |
| Transverse plane | Divides the body into inferior and superior parts |
| Frontal (coronal) plane | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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