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Cynthia's Anatomy
Chp 1,3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 8 levels of biological organization? | 1. atoms 2. molecules 3. organelles 4. cell 5. tissue 6. organ 7. organ tissues 8. organism |
| What are atoms? | tiny blocks of matter |
| what are molecules? | atoms are needed to make molecules which are sugar, water, protein etc |
| what are organelles? | - subunits of a cell (ex.mitochondria, nucleus and membrane etc) |
| what is a cell? | - smallest unit of all living things. |
| what is tissue? | - cells with a similar structure and function. |
| what is an organ? | - two or more tissue types, that perform a specific function for the body. (ex. heart, stomach) |
| what are organ systems? | - group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose. |
| what are the body's organ systems??? | 1.INTEGUMENTARY 2. SKELETAL 3. MUSCULAR 4. NERVOUS 5. ENDOCRINE 6. CARDIOVASCULAR 7. LYMPHATIC 8. IMMUNE 9. GAS EXCHANGE 10. DIGESTIVE 11. URINARY 12. REPRODUCTIVE |
| what is the Integumentary system? | -external covering of the body -waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues. -excretes salt and urea. -regulate body temp. -hair is protection against insect bites. - protection against sunlight and chemicals |
| what is purpose of melanin? | - gives us our skin color ( dark skin has more melanin) - helps with removal of bacteria. |
| what is the skeletal system? | - gives us our shape, structure and protection to the body. -provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to provide movement. -hard surface stores minerals. |
| what is bone matter? | -site where blood cells are made. |
| what is the muscular system? | - muscles of the body have only one function to contract or shorten. - muscles are the "machines" of the body. |
| what is the autonomic nervous system? | - controls automatic movement ( heart, blood, smooth muscles etc) |
| what is the nervous system? | - the body's fast acting control system.our bodies are controlled by the nervous and endocrine system. -consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerve and sensory receptors. - brain controls all vital organs. -has immediate and temporary response |
| how does the body react to stimuli or irritants? What part of the Nervous system is responsible? | - the sensory receptors detect any stimuli and send the message through nerve impulses to the CNS where the message is interpreted. |
| what is the endocrine system? | - controls body activities but acts slowly. -hormones (growth reproduction, food used by cells) -slow and permanent. |
| what is the cardiovascular system? | - primary organs are heart and blood vessels. - contain cells that are alive and require energy. -blood is the transport medium. -WBC and chemicals in the blood help to protect the body from foreign invaders (bacteria, toxins and tumor cells) |
| what is the lymphatic system? | - lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils. - the lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels. -help with cleansing the blood and immunity. - can flow only upward. - lymph nodes contain WBC. |
| what is the immune system? | - functional system which contain WBC that protect against infection. |
| what is the gas exchange system? | - lungs are upside down trees leaves are alveoli surrounded by blood capillaries. |
| what is the digestive system? | - tube running through the body from mouth to anus. - job is to change insoluble (potato) food to soluble (sugar) food. - indigestible food are eliminated as feces. - |
| what is the urinary system? | - removes nitrogen (urea, uric acid) containing wastes from the blood and flushes from the body in urine. - maintains the body's water and salt balance and regulates the acid/base balance of the blood. |
| where is urea produced? | liver |
| where does filtration occur? | -kidneys - blood passes through kidneys 30-40 times a day. |
| what is the reproductive system? | -function is production of offspring. |
| what is a cell? | - the smallest unit of all living things. |
| what is semi- permeable? | - not all things are allowed to pass. |
| what is selectively permeable? | - selects what goes in the cell or what leaves the cell. |
| what are cell membrane functions? | - controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. - DNA controls everything in the cell. |
| what aids in digestion of food? | - enzymes |
| what is the nucleolus? | - synthesis and storage of RNA. - RNA is DNA's messenger. - site where ribosomes are assembled. |
| what are ribosomes? | - are assembled in the nucleolus. - actual sites of protein synthesis. |
| What is smooth ER functions? | - folded membranous channels. - intracellular transport - detoxification. - lipid synthesis. - storage of calcium ions - liver cells contain alot of smooth er |
| what is golgi complex? | - acts like a wherehouse receives all of the samples. |
| what are golgi complex functions? | - secretion - storage and modification if necessary and also packaging. - traffic director for all cellular proteins. |
| what is a lysosome? | - sac of splitting enzymes. - can digest any molecule ( proteins, fats etc) - also called suicidal bags. |
| what is peroxisome? | - aids in detoxification - has enzymes (antioxidants) to remove harmful free radicals. - peroxisomes convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide. - birds carry more detoxifying enzymes which make them live longer. - |
| what is mitochondria? | - powerhouse (makes energy) of the cell. - center for aerobic respiration. - has a double membrane -makes ATP |
| what is the plasma membrane? | - has a phospholipid bilayer (contain proteins) - hydrophobic doesnt like water. - hydrophyllic likes water. |
| what are parts of the plasma membrane? ( Gloria Gets Purses Purchases By Credit ) | - glycolipids. - glycoproteins (sugar proteins) - proteins. - phospholipid bilayer (2 layer) - cholesterol which stabilizes the structure of the plasma membrane. |
| what are functions of plasma membrane? | - osmosis - diffusion ( simple and facilitated) - active transport - endocytosis (phagocytosis) - exocytosis (pinocytosis) |
| what is osmosis? | - movement of water from less water to more water. - water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution until they become isotonic (the same). |
| What is Diffusion? | - movement of substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. ( ex. I'm drinking a cup of coffee and add a sugar cube and don't stir it. I leave it for a few hours and now my coffee is sweet even though i didn't stir it. |
| What is Simple Diffusion? | - solutes that are able to pass the plasma membrane, able to go through phospholipids. |
| What is Facilitated Diffusion? | - provides passage for certain needed substances (glucose) that are lipid Insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores. (uses kinetic energy of the diffusing molecules) |
| What is Passive (Diffusion) ? | - high to low |
| What is Active (Diffusion) ? | - low to high ( cell uses ATP to move substances) |
| What is Active Transport? | - movement of substances from low to high concentration.-cell uses "energy".- transport through "proteins". |
| What is Endocytosis? | - (into the cell) cell is swallowing and taking things in.- some cells don't cross the plasma membrane. - part of vesicular transport, requires ATP. |
| What is Phagocytosis? | - cell swallowing "large, solid" particles. |
| What is Pinocytosis? | - cell swallowing "small, liquid" particles. -unlike phagocytosis, pinocytosis is a routine activity of most cells. |
| What is Exocytosis? | - (out of the cell) cells eliminating waste substances. |
| What is Mitosis? | - formation of two daughter nuclei with the same genes as the mother nuclei. - growth and repair-Asexual reproduction- Duplication and Divison of DNA.duplication must occur for cell to survive. |
| Stages of Mitosis: What is Interphase? | - cell grows and carries out its usual activities - duplication of DNA- conserves energy |
| What is Prophase? | - Nuclear membrane and Nucleolus dissapear.--Chromosomes become short and thick.- centrioles move to opposite poles.- spindle fibers appear between centrioles. |
| What is Metaphase? | - chromosomes line up in middle of the cell.- centromers are lined up. |
| What is Anaphase? | - Centromer divides and choromosomes move to the opposite pole. |
| What is Telophase? | - cell division into two. |
| What is Epithelial tissue? | - coverage and lining of tissue- Innervated (nerve supply) and non- vascularized (no blood supply). |
| What are Epithelial Cells? | - used for protection,secretion,absorption etc.- all glands are modified epithelial tissue. |
| What is Squamous Epithelial Tissue? | - 1 layer simple and strafied.- Simple (blood capillaries)- Stratified (skin) |
| What is Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue? | - has simple and stratified- simple (kidney, tubules)- stratified ( ducts of glands) |
| What is Columnar Epithelial Tissue? | - Simple and stratified.- Simple ( gastro intestinal tract, stomach)-Stratified ( part of male urethra)"not common" |
| What is Pseudostratified ciliated columnar? | - found in the upper respiratory tract or passages. |
| What is Transitional Epithelium? | - found in urinary bladder. |
| What is Tight Junctions (part of epithelial tissue) ? | - do not pull apart.- found on skin. |
| What is Gap Junctions? | - ions move in between gaps to communicate.- found in the heart. |
| What is Desmosomes? | - anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart (skin cells). |
| What is apocrine? | - cell pinch off. |
| How many parts does Connective tissue have? | - 3 1. matrix- ground substance (minerals, hyaluronic acid)- fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic)- Collagen (strong and thickest)-Reticular (network)-elastic (elasticity and thinnest.)3. cells (fat cells, wbc,fibrocytes etc) |
| What are the types of connective tissue? | 1. Loose 2. Dense 3. Cartilage4. bone 5. blood |
Created by:
cynthianunez24
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