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Life Sciences
An Introduction to the Human Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Human Anatomy is the study of | body structure |
| Word is derived from the Greek and means | “to cut” or “cutting backwards” (putting things together from slices). |
| Human Physiology is the science of | body functions |
| Including the study of homeostasis | keeping the organs systems of the body in balance |
| Structure and function of the body are closely related: | Structure mirrors function |
| Bones of the skull are heavy and secure to | protect brain function |
| The thin air sacs of the lungs permit movement of | gases from the lungs to the blood |
| Surface Anatomy is the study of | form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”). |
| Gross Anatomy is the study of | anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. This can involve cutting (dissection) |
| Gross Anatomy can be studied by two general approaches: | Systemic approach (Systemic Anatomy) Regional approach (Regional Anatomy) |
| Systemic approach (Systemic Anatomy): | Study all the blood vessels, or all the muscles, or all the bones… at once. |
| Regional approach (Regional Anatomy) | All anatomical structures of a specific region (e.g., the thorax, or the Head and Neck) are all studied together. |
| Levels of Organization | 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL 2. CELLULAR LEVEL 3. TISSUE LEVEL 4.ORGAN LEVEL 5. SYSTEM LEVEL 6. ORGANISM LEVEL |
| An organism consists of a collection of | organ systems |
| Six important life processes | •Metabolism • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction |
| In health, all parts of the body must be functioning together in a process called | Homeostasis |
| Metabolism is | The sum of all the catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes that occur in the body. |
| Responsiveness is | The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity… or a threat! |
| Examples of responsiveness: | Decrease in body temperature Responding to sound Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting) |
| Movement is | any motion, including movement of tiny subcellular structures, or movement inside cells or organs; Leg muscles move the body from one place to another. |
| Growth involves | an increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both; In bone growth, materials between cells increase. |
| Differentiation is | is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state. |
| Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells. Stem cells e.g | Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation. |
| Reproduction is | the formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) or the production of a new individual. |
| A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment. It is | A dynamic condition meant to keep body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life |
| Body fluids are defined as | dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell. Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids is important. |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is the | Fluid within cell |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is the | Fluid outside cells |
| Interstitial fluid is ECF between | cells and tissue |
| Blood Plasma | is the ECF within blood vessels. |
| Lymph is | the ECF within lymphatic vessels. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the ECF in the | brain and spinal cord |
| Synovial fluid is the ECF in | Joints |
| Aqueous humour is the ECF in | Eyes |
| Cellular function depends on the regulation of the composition of the | interstitial fluid |
| Composition of interstitial fluid changes as substances move between | plasma and the interstitial fluid. |
| Movement back and forth across capillary walls provides ............ to ............. | nutrients (glucose, oxygen, ions) to tissue cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide). |
| Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by: | • Physical insults • Changes in the internal environment • Physiological stress |
| Homeostasis level of disruption | • Disruptions are mild if balance is quickly restored. • Intense disruptions are often prolonged and result in disease (poisoning or severe infections) or death. |
| Physical insults such as | intense heat or lack of oxygen |
| Changes in the internal environment such as | a drop in blood glucose due to lack of food |
| Physiological stress such as demands of | work or school |
| Cycle of events: Homeostasis | • Body is monitored and re monitored. • Each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition. • Three basic components: • Receptor (Sensor) • Control Centre (Compares) • Effector (Respond) |
| Negative Feedback systems | Reverses a change in a controlled condition |
| Example of negative feedback systems: | Regulation of blood pressure (force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of the blood vessels) |
| Positive Feedback systems: | Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s-controlled conditions E.g. Normal childbirth |
| Blood Pressure regulation is a negative feedback system. How does it work? | • External/internal stimulus increases BP • Baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptors) detect higher BP & send nerve impulse to brain (interpretation) • Responses sent via nerve impulses to heart/blood vessels cause BP to drop (homeostasis restored) |
| Childbirth is an example of a positive feedback system: Explain how | • Uterine contractions cause vagina to open. • Stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulses to brain. • Oxytocin is released into blood. • Contractions enhanced, baby pushes farther down uterus. • Cycle continues to birth baby (no stretching). |
| Diagnosis of Disease is done by assessing: | ▪ Signs and Symptoms ▪ Medical history ▪ Physical examination |
| Signs and Symptoms is assessed by | • Effect of a health problem that can be observed. (Sign -objective) • Effect noticed or experienced only by the person who has the condition (Symptom - subjective) |
| Medical history is assessed by | • Collecting information about event • Present illnesses and past medical problems |
| Physical examination is assessed by | • Orderly evaluation of the body and its function • Noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse, BP blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, BG blood glucose, ECG electrocardiogram) |
| The systems of the body may appear to be separate and distinct, but the maintenance of most body functions requires the | integration of many systems working together. E.g., regulation of body temperature involves the muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, and integumentary systems all working together to produce and distribute body heat appropriately. |
| Anatomical Position: | In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides, palms forward. |
| Superior | Above, top, toward head |
| Inferior | Below, bottom, away from head |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Toward the front |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Toward the back |
| Medial | Toward the midline |
| Lateral | Away from the midline |
| Proximal | Nearest to the origination |
| Distal | Farther than the origination |
| Ipsilateral | On the same side of body |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side of the body |
| Superficial | Towards the surface |
| Deep | Towards the core of the body |
| Parietal | Pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall |
| Visceral | Pertaining to a covering over an organ |
| Regional Names; Brain storm | • Cranial • Cervical • Cubital • Carpal • Patellar • Orbital • Thoracic • Inguinal • Skull • Neck • Elbow • Wrist • Front of knee • Eye • Chest • Groin |
| Regional Names; Brain storm - more specific | Metacarpal • Plantar • Buccal • Axillary • Femoral • Gluteal • Tarsal • Digital or Phalangeal • Hand/palm • Sole of foot • Cheek • Armpit • Thigh • Buttock • Ankle • Toes or Fingers |
| Body Planes are | imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions. |
| There are three major planes at right angles to one another: | Sagittal Transverse Frontal |
| Sagittal | Midline |
| Transverse | Horizontal |
| Frontal | Coronal |
| Cranial Cavity | Formed by cranial bones and contains brain |
| Vertebral Canal | Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal chord and the beginnings of spinal nerves. |
| Thoracic cavity | Chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum. |
| Pleural Cavity (Thoracic) | Each surrounds a lung: the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura. |
| Pericardial cavity (Thoracic) | Surrounds the heart: The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium |
| Mediastinum (Thoracic) | Central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs: extends from sternum to veritable column from the first rib to diagram; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels. |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | Sub divided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavities. |
| Abdominal cavity (Abdominopelvic) | Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine. The serious membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum |
| Pelvic cavity (Abdominopelvic) | Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction. |
| Mediastinal cavity location | Located in the central part of the thoracic cavity |
| What are the Left and Right Pleural cavities | Two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung |
| Pericardial cavity is itself located within the middle part of the | mediastinal cavity in the thoracic cavity (like a set of Russian nesting dolls of decreasing size—one placed inside the other). Fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity extends from the .............. to the ............. and is circulated by the ....... | diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis. |
| The thoracic and abdominal body cavities are lined by thin, slippery, double-layered membranes called serous membranes. What do they do? | These membranes adhere to the outer surface of the organs or “viscera”, and then double-back on themselves to line the body cavity wall. |
| Visceral layer covers | the organs within the cavities |
| Parietal layer lines | the cavity walls |
| The right and left pleural membranes are the .................. that covers the lungs (visceral pleura) and the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal pleura). | serous membranes |
| The ............... ................. is the serous membrane that covers the heart (visceral pericardium) and the pericardial cavity walls (parietal pericardium). | pericardial membrane |
| The peritoneal membrane is the serous membrane that covers the ....... X & Y | abdominal organs (visceral peritoneum) and the abdominal cavity walls (parietal peritoneum) |
| The diaphragm is a ....... that divides the ...... | powerful skeletal muscle that divides the thorax (thoracic cavity) from the abdomen (abdominal cavity). |
| Identification of quadrants and regions in the abdominopelvic cavity helps clinicians | describe the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs. |
| There are (how many) abdominopelvic quadrants and (how many) regions | There are 4 abdominopelvic quadrants and 9 regions |
| The dividing lines between the quadrants and regions are centered on the umbilicus (“belly button”) | |
| List of quadrants | • Right upper quadrant (RUQ) • liver • Left upper quadrant (LUQ) • spleen and left kidney • Right lower quadrant (RLQ) • appendix • Left lower quadrants (LLQ) • left ovary (female) |
| List of regions | Umbilical region Hypogastric region Epigastric region Right iliac region Left iliac region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region |
| Right and Left Inguinal Region are also referred to as the | Right and Left Iliac Region |
| Right Hypochondrium | Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine |
| Left Hypochondrium | Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas |
| Epigastrium | Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Glands |
| Right Lumber Region | Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon |
| Left Lumber Region | Descending Colon, Left Kidney |
| Umbilical Region | Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum |
| Right Inguinal Region/Iliac Fossa | Appendix, Cecum |
| Left Inguinal Region/Iliac Fossa | Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon |
| Hypogastrium | Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female Reproductive Organs |
Created by:
paramedicscienceUK
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