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Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. | Contractability |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. | Excitability |
| The ability to be stretched. | Extensibility |
| The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. | Elasticity |
| Connective tissue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle. | epimysium |
| Connective tissue located outside the epimysium and also surrounds and separates muscles. | Fascia |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles. | muscle fasciculi (fascicle) |
| Loose connective tissue surrounding the fasciculi. | perimysium |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called: | fibers |
| Connective tissue sheath surrounding each fiber. | endomysium |
| A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. | myofibrils |
| 2 major kinds of protein fibers that Myofibrils consist of. | actin myofilaments and myosin myofiliments |
| Thin myofilaments They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together. | actin myofilaments |
| Thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. | myosin myofilaments |
| Highly ordered units formed by actin and myosin myofilaments. | sacromeres |
| The basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. | sacromere |
| Each sarcomere extends from one __ line (disc) to another __ line (disc). Each __ line is an attachment site for actin. | Z line |
| On each side of the Z line is a light area called an __ band, it consists of actin. | I band |
| The __ band extends the length of the myosin. It is the darker central region in each sarcomere. | A band |
| In the center of each sarcomere is another light area called the __ zone, which consists of only myosin. | H zone |
| The myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called the __ line. | M line |
| The charge difference across the membrane. | resting membrane potential |
| The brief reversal back of the charge. | action potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. | motor neurons |
| Neuromuscular junction is also known as: | synapse |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a: | motor unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal. | presynaptic terminal |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the _______ _____ and the muscle fiber is the ____________ ________. | synaptic cleft and postsynaptic terminal |
| What do synaptic vesicles do? | they secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine |
| The combination of acetylcholine with its receptor causes an influx of sodium ions into the muscle fiber. This influx initiates an action potential in the muscle cell, which causes it to ___________. | contract |
| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes, _______________________. | acetylcholinesterase. |
| What causes muscle contraction? | As actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. When the sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to shorten. |
| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. | Muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called: | Threshold |
| The beginning of the contraction | The lag phase |
| The time of the contraction | The contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | The relaxation phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called: | recruitment |
| Is needed for energy for muscle contraction, is produced in the mitochondria, and is short-lived and unstable. It degenerates to the more stable ADP plus phosphate. | ATP |
| It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. When at rest they can’t stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule, called: | creatine phosphate |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | without oxygen |
| What is aerobic respiration? | with oxygen |
| The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. | oxygen debt |
| Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. | Muscle fatigue |
| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. | isometric (equal distance) |
| The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. | isotonic (equal tension) |
| What is muscle tone? | Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. |
| What are fast-twitch fibers? | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. white meat of a chicken’s breast. |
| What are slow-twitch fibers? | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism. Ex. dark meat of a duck’s breast or the legs of a chicken). |
| The origin (head) | The most stationary end of the muscle. |
| The insertion | The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. |
| The belly | The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion. |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called: | synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called: | antagonists |
| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the _______ _______. | prime mover |
| raises the eyebrows. | Occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids and causes “crows feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. | Orbicularis oculi |
| puckers the lips. | Orbicularis oris |
| flattens the cheeks/trumpeter’s muscle. | Buccinator |
| the kissing muscles. | Orbicularis oris and buccinator |
| smiling muscle. | Zygomaticus |
| sneering. | Levator labii superioris |
| frowning. | Depressor anguli oris |
| Term for chewing: | Mastication |
| 4 pairs of mastication muscles: | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter. |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles do what? | change the shape of the tongue. |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles do what? | move the tongue. |
| lateral neck muscle and prime mover. | Sternocleidomastoid |
| sheetlike muscle that covers the anterolateral neck. | Platysma |
| group of muscles on each side of the back. | Erector spinae |
| elevate the ribs during inspiration. | External intercostals |
| contract during forced expiration. | Internal intercostals |
| accomplishes quiet breathing. | Diaphragm |
| rotates scapula | Trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | Serratus anterior |
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