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Exam 4-2
Neuromuscular & Myofascial connection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of skeletal muscle fiber is characterized as red or slow-twitch fiber | Type I fibers |
| The ability to sense movement | Kinesthesia |
| The presence of smooth muscle cells in fascia leads us to believe that manipulation of fascia may play an important role in the regulation of | Motor Tone |
| Since 40%-45% of the neurons in a typical skeletal muscle nerve are sensory, and 80% of these are the interstitial myofascial receptors, it appears that the majority of the sensory information provided by muscle and fascia is directed toward | Autonomic Nervous System |
| The most abundant type of facial sensory receptor are the | Interstitial Myofascial Receptors |
| Which of the four types of fascial sensory receptors are particularly sensitive to lateral stretch, and stimulation of them leads to decreased sympathetic tone | Ruffini's Receptors |
| Which mechanical property of fascia gives it the ability to extend and slowly rebound | Viscoelasticity |
| The four horizontal fascial planes include the diaphragm, cranial bas, pelvic floor and | Thoracic inlet |
| which of Myer's myofascial trains connects the plantar fascia of the foot to the fascia on the forehead | Superficial back line |
| According to Willard, the deepest of the four layers of the fascia is | Visceral |
| Which phase best describes a tender point | Local spasm indicating a sensitized muscle spindle |
| What is the purpose of the four horizontal planes of fascia in the body | Structurally divide both anterior and posterior cavities and support blood vessels and nerves |
| What is the functional relevance of the 11 horizontal fascial bands of the body | Provide some stability to the torso by strapping the soft anterior structures of the spine |
| The term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system | Tensegrity |
| Which of these is believed to be a key element of pathophysiology behind trigger point development | The presence of calcium outside the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes actin and myosin bonding |
| According to reciprocal inhibition, which muscle is inhibited when the biceps brachii is contracted | Triceps Brachii |
| In addition to being hypersensitive to moderate compression, other key characteristics of trigger point include | A common pattern of pain with pressure and a palpable nodule within a taut band of tissue |
| Gamma gain occurs in a muscle spindle when it is held in-------for an extended time | A shortened position |
| Which action provides the strongest stimulus to the GTOs and the inverse stretch reflex | Active muscle contraction |
| All of the following manual therapy techniques except -------- employ some type of repositioning designed to reverse gamma gain and indirectly reduce muscle tension | Rolfing |
| Which neuron loop of the muscle spindle stimulates skeletal muscle contraction | Alpha |
| What is the term for the process that increases the sensitivity of the muscle spindle | gamma gain |
| Which of the neuromuscular reflex theories is the most effective at relieving a cramp | Reciprocal Inhibition |
| What is the best definition of muscle recruitment | The pattern of coactivation between muscle groups needed to create coordinated movement |
| What are the Key mechanical properties of fascia | Viscoelasticity-Piezoelectricity-Thixotropic |
| A consistent state of low-grade tension generated through tonic contractions; palpated as firmness in the muscle | Motor Tone |
| Reflexive neuronal pathways connecting the ANS to smooth muscle cells in the fascia | Neurofascial loops |
| Skeletal muscle whose primary role is to create movement | Phasic Muscle |
| Skeletal muscle that plays an essential role in maintaining the body's upright position | Postural Muscle |
| What physiologic reflex is being employed to reduce muscle tension in the active release and facilitated stretch forms of manual therapy | Golgi Tendon Organ-Inverse stretch reflex |
| What is a key Characteristic of a tender point | Localized to spasm due to neurological signal |
| What layer of fascia holds organs together and forms the serous membranes of the ventral cavities | Visceral |
| Which component of connective tissue gives them their thixotropic nature | Ground Substance |
| What adjustment is made in fascial tissue when it is subjected to sustained and repeated tension | More chains of tropocollagen are added to the collagen and fibrils |
| If the client presents with chronic respective hamstring strains, a through treatment plane would prioritize treatment of the entire fascia latae of the thigh and other components of the superficial back myofascial train including | Thoracolumbar aponeurosis fascia and plantar fascia |
| Which myofascial trains or meridians are most implicated when the client presents with chronic elbow pain and a medical history of rotator cuff strain and fractured clavicle | Superficial and Deep Arm Lines |
| Describe the therapeutic implication of knowing the myofascial connections between different structures | Pain in an area of the myofascial Trian may NOT resolve without treating the entire Trian |
| The neuromuscular reflex that inhibits the antagonist of a contracting muscle | Reciprocal Inhibition |
| In the body's tensegrity system, which components exert the tension that keeps the system together | Muscle and Tendons |
| The epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium of the skeletal muscle collectively form which of the four fascial tubes in the body | Axial |
| Which horizonal fascial planes should be prioritized in a treatment plan to help relieve chronic neck pain associated with a forward head posture, rounded shoulders and collapsed thorax | Thoracic inlet and diaphragm |
| Which of these is the best definition of a kinetic chain | A group of associated muscles that are engaged in a specific sequence to create a complex and coordinated movement |
| The connective tissue links between muscle, bones, and fascial membranes that provide a pathway for the mechanical communication of tension and compression | Myofascial train/chain |
| The process of coordinating and rotating the work between different motor units in the postural muscles | Motor Unit Recruitment |
| Term describing the process of creating efficient movement through coordinating the activation sequence and force adjustments of agonist, synergist, and antagonist | Muscle recruitment |
| How do the phasic muscles tend to adapt to the stress of regular aerobic activity and their movement responsibilities | By increasing myoglobin levels, shortening and strengthening their fibers |
| Examples of postural muscles in the body include iliopsoas, erector spinae, tensor fascia latae and | adductor longus |
| The sense and awareness of where body parts are position in space and in relationship to one another | Proprioception |
| Increased fascial tone in the axial layer can limit ROM by altering | muscle tone |
| Among the interstitial mechanoreceptors, what is the estimated ratio of high threshold pressure (HTP) units to low threshold pressure (LTP) units | 50% HTP to 50% LTP |
| The interstitial fascial receptors are found throughout the body but have their highest density in the | Periosteum |
| What denotes the changeable responsive and adaptive nature of fascia | Fascial Plasticity |
| The preferred location of the pacinian fascial receptor includes myotendinous junction, deep capsular layers spinal ligaments and | Epi-, Peri-, and endomysium |
| Softening and loosening muscles by repeatedly squeezing and lifting, or needing that tissue, puts which mechanical property of fascia into practice | Thixtrophy |
| Which statement best summarizes the therapeutic implications of the mechanical properties of fascia | Moderate and sustained pressure helps achieve significant myofascial release |
| In the body's tensegrity system, which components serve as the compression spacers | bones |
| Tension of the intrafusal fibers in a muscle spindle is regulated by which reflex loop | Gamma |
| 3 Characteristics of trigger point | Always taut band-palpable nodule-compression creates a radiating pattern of pain |
| A very powerful GAG | Hyaluronic Acid |
| A more liquid State | SOL |
| Triple helix protein molecule found in collagen fiber | Tropocollagen |
| Excessive muscle tension | Hypertonicity |
| Hypodermis is also known as | Superficial Fascia |
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