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Language of Medicine
Definitions Chapter 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Achondroplasia | disorder of bone growth that prevents the changing of cartilage to bone. |
| Ganglion | Cysts are lumps that most often appear along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. They also can occur in ankles and feet. |
| Gouty arthritis | Painful form of arthritis. When your body has extra uric acid, sharp crystals can form in your joints (usually your big toe) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | A type of arthritis where your immune system attacks the tissue lining the joints on both sides of your body. |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | Also known as axial spondyloarthritis, is an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the bones (vertebrae) in the spine to fuse |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | Caused by pressure on the median nerve. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and ligaments on the palm side of the hand. When the median nerve is compressed, symptoms can include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and arm |
| Bunion | A bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of your big toe. It occurs when some of the bones in the front part of your foot move out of place |
| Lyme disease | Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans |
| Osteoarthritis | Most common form of arthritis. Some people call it degenerative joint disease or “wear and tear”. It occurs most frequently in the hands, hips, and knees. With OA, the cartilage within a joint begins to break down and the underlying bone begins to change |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | Most common type of lupus. SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. |
| Dislocation | A separation of two bones where they meet at a joint. |
| Adipose | Connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat |
| Dermis | The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. |
| Epithelium | A type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands |
| Urticaria | Also known as hives, wheals, welts or nettle rash – is a raised, itchy rash that appears on the skin. It may appear on one part of the body or be spread across large areas. |
| Paronychia | A skin infection that occurs around the nails |
| Tinea | Name of a group of diseases caused by a fungus. Types of tinea include ringworm, athlete's foot and jock itch |
| Melanin | A substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation |
| Nevus | A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes). Also called mole. |
| Keratin | A protein that helps form hair, nails and your skin's outer layer (epidermis). |
| Collagen | A protein found in connective tissue, skin, tendon, bone, and cartilage |
| Dermatophytosis | Also known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin. Typically it results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. |
| Onychomycosis | Fungal nail infections. |
| Wheal | An area of the skin which is temporarily raised, typically reddened, and usually accompanied by itching. |
| Decubitus ulcer | Damage to an area of the skin caused by constant pressure on the area for a long time. This pressure can lessen blood flow to the affected area, which may lead to tissue damage and tissue death. Bedsores |
| Psoriasis | A skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure. It can be painful, interfere with sleep and make it hard to concentrate |
| Keloid | A thick raised scar. It can occur wherever you have a skin injury but usually forms on earlobes, shoulders, cheeks or the chest. |
| Pustule | Small, inflamed, pus-filled, blister-like sores (lesions) on the skin surface. |
| Retina | Innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye |
| Choroid | A thin layer of tissue that is part of the middle layer of the wall of the eye, between the sclera and the retina. Filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye. |
| Ciliary body | A part of the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The ciliary body is found behind the iris and includes the ring-shaped muscle that changes the shape of the lens when the eye focuses. |
| Vitreous humor | The clear jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the eyeball. |
| Pupil | The black hole in the center of the colored part of your eye (iris). The pupil is the pathway that lets light get to your retina |
| Conjunctiva | A thin, clear membrane that protects your eye. It covers the inside of your eyelid and the white of your eye (the sclera). |
| Lens | The transparent, elastic, curved structure behind the iris (colored part of the eye) that helps focus light on the retina. |
| Cornea | The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. |
| Iris | The colored part of your eye |
| Sclera | The white outer layer of the eyeball. |
| Astigmatism | A common and generally treatable imperfection in the curvature of the eye that causes blurred distance and near vision. Astigmatism occurs when either the front surface of the eye (cornea) or the lens inside the eye has mismatched curves |
| Otomycosis | A fungal infection in the ear canal |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness: is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. |
| Thyroxine | Hormone the thyroid gland secretes into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, thyroxine travels to the organs, like the liver and kidneys, where it is converted to its active form of triiodothyronine |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | The pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. |
| Gonadotropins | A hormone made by the hypothalamus. Causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| hCG test | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, A hormone normally produced by the placenta. If you are pregnant, you can detect it in your urine |
| Core needle biopsy | Procedure in which a special hollow needle is used to take a small cylinder-shaped (core) sample of tissue from a lump or mass |
| Estrogen receptor assay | Tests are used to help guide breast cancer treatment. Receptors are proteins that attach to certain substances. ER/PR tests look for receptors that attach to the hormones estrogen and progesterone in a sample of breast cancer tissue. |
| Laparoscopy | Type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin. |
| CA-125 | Test measures the amount of the protein CA 125 (cancer antigen 125) in the blood |
| Bone marrow biopsy | Removal of marrow from inside bone. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. |
| Fine needle aspiration | A thin needle is inserted into an area of abnormal-appearing tissue or body fluid. |
| PSA Test | A blood test used primarily to screen for prostate cancer. The test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. |
| CEA Test | Measures the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the blood or other body fluid. As a type of tumor marker, CEA is an indicator of whether cancer is growing and spreading or diminishing with treatment. |
| Exfoliative cytology | A branch of cytology in which the cells that a pathologist examines are either “shed” by your body naturally or are manually scraped or brushed (exfoliated) from the surface of your tissue |
| Myelosuppression | A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments |
| Mutation | Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment |
| Erythema | Reddening of the skin. Erythema is a common but nonspecific sign of skin irritation, injury, or inflammation |
| Amnesia | The loss of memories, including facts, information and experiences |
| Mania | A condition in which you have a period of abnormally elevated, extreme changes in your mood or emotions, energy level or activity level |
| Mutism | Defined as an absence of speech while conserving or maintaining the ability to hear the speech of others. |
| Obsession | An unbidden, intrusive thought, image, or urge that intrudes into consciousness |
| Compulsion | An uncontrollable urge to say or do something without an obvious reason |
| Anxiety | Disorder characterized by chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it. |
| Dissociation | A break in how your mind handles information. You may feel disconnected from your thoughts, feelings, memories, and surroundings |
| Conversion | A condition in which a person experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurologic pathology. |
| Autism | Developmental disability caused by differences in the brain. People with Autism often have problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. |
| Apathy | When you lack motivation to do anything or just don't care about what's going on around you. Apathy can be a symptom of mental health problems, Parkinson's, or Alzheimer's. You may lack the desire to do anything that involves thinking or your emotions |
| Hallucination | Where you hear, see, smell, taste or feel things that appear to be real but only exist in your mind |
| Delusion | A belief that is clearly false and that indicates an abnormality in the affected person's content of thought |
| Dysthymic disorder | A milder, but long-lasting form of depression. It's also called persistent depressive disorder. People with this condition may also have bouts of major depression at times. |
| Ulna | One of the two forearm long bones that, in conjunction with the radius, make up the antebrachium. |
| Ilium | The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone |
| Diaphysis | The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. |
| Clavicle | Located between the ribcage (sternum) and the shoulder blade (scapula). It is the bone that connects the arm to the body |
| Bursa | A closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body. The major bursae (plural) are located next to the tendons near the large joints, such as in the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees. |
| Lordosis | An excessive inward curve of the spine |
| Fibula | Calf bone. It's the smaller of the two bones in your lower leg. It gives your calf its structure and forms the top of your ankle. |
| Tibia | Shin bone. It's the second longest bone in your body, and it's an important part of your ability to stand and move. |
| Olecranon | The part of the ulna that "cups" the lower end of the humerus, creating a hinge for elbow movement. The bony "point" of the olecranon can be easily felt beneath the skin because it is covered by just a thin layer of tissue. |
| Metatarsal | The 5 long bones in your foot that connect your ankle to your toes |
Created by:
Lisa Wedge
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