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NBDHE Anatomy
The basics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the sutures of the brain? | Coronal, Saggital, Lambdoidal, and Squamous |
| What is the foramen located at the base of the occipital bone that allows the nerves of the spinal cord to reach the brain called? | Foramen Magnum |
| What does the frontal bone consist of? | The upper part of the forehead, the area around the eyes, and the eyebrows |
| What is the name of the bone located at the center of the skull and extends to the other bones of the skull? | The sphenoid bone |
| What is the function of the sphenoid bone? | To support the nerves and blood vessels that supply the face, teeth, tongue, eyes and ears |
| What is the name of the single bone that houses the nasal cavity and the sinuses? | The ethmoid bone |
| What is the purpose of the sutures of the skull? | To protect the brain and eyes, and to form the nasal passages |
| What structure is formed by the maxilla? | The roof of the mouth |
| What structures does the maxilla contain? | the sinuses, zygomatic process (cheek bone), frontal process, palatine process, and orbital process |
| What is the structure that the maxillary tuberosity contains which allows the superior alveolar nerves, veins, and arteries to reach the maxilary teeth and gingival? | The posterior superior alveolar foramina |
| What two structures form the TMJ? | The temporal bone and condyle of the mandible |
| What is the function of the TMJ? | It allows the mandible to move forward, backward, up and down, and side to side. |
| What type of joint is the Temporomandubular Joint? | A synovial joint |
| What is the doughnut shaped tendon that cushions both bones of the TMJ called? | The meniscus or fibrous disc |
| What are some common issues that cause TMJ dysfunction? | Tearing or displacement of the meniscus, malocclusion of the teeth which puts strain on the muscles of the TMJ, congenital malformations, bone degeneration caused by arthritis and tumors. |
| What are the muscles of mastication? | Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid, and Lateral Pterygoid |
| What is the name of the nerve branch that the muscles of mastication receive sensation from the brain through? | The motor branch of the Trigeminal (V3) nerve |
| Where do the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles originate? | On the lateral pterygoid plate and the superior head of the sphenoid bone |
| Where do the medial and lateral pterydoid muscles attach? | At the angle of the mandible |
| What is the cranial nerve associated with the muscles of facial expression? | The facial nerve (VII) |
| What is the name of the muscle that encircles the mouth and purses the lips? | Obicularis Oris |
| What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris muscle? | to depress the angle of the lower lip |
| What is the muscle of the chin? | Mentalis |
| What is the function of the buccinator? | to pull the lip to the side and help to keep food on the occlusal surface of the teeth while chewing |
| Which muscle widens the mouth? | Risoris muscle |
| What is the function of the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles? | to raise the upper lip and the ala of the nose |
| What are the functions of the zygomaticus major and minor muscles? | to raise the angle of the mouth |
| Which muscle pulls down the mouth in a frown, and raises the skin of the neck? | Platysma |
| Which muscles close the eyelid, cause frown lines, and raise the eyebrows? | Orbicularis oculi, Corrugator supercilii, and frontal belly of the epicranius muscles |
| Name the five branches of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve | PSA, MSA, ASA, NP, GP |
| What are the three branches of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve? | Auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves |
| What structures are anesthetized by the PSA? | The first, second and third maxillary molars, and their overlying buccal tissues, sometimes excluding the mesiobuccal root of the first molar |
| What structures does the MSA anesthetize? | The first and second premolars and the mesiobuccal root of the first molar and their overlying buccal tissues |
| What structures does the ASA anesthetize? | The central and lateral incisors and canine and overlying facial tissues |
| What structures does the GP anesthetize? | The palatal tissues of the maxillary molars and premolars |
| What structures does the NP anesthetize? | The palatal tissues of the maxillary anterior teeth |
| What is the name of the structure through which the Posterior Superior Alveolar nerve must travel through? | The Posterior Superior Alveolar Foramina |
| What structures are anesthetized by the Incisive injection? | The mandibular anterior teeth, and surrounding periodontium |
| What structures are anesthetized by the Mental injection? | The facial gingiva of the mandibular anterior teeth, the chin, lower lip, and labial mucosa |
| What two nerves branch from the inferior alveolar nerve? | The mental and incisive nerves |
| Where does the mental nerve exit the mandibular canal? | the mental foramen |
| What structures does the buccal injection anesthetize? | the facial gingiva of the mandibular molars and premolars |
| What structures does the lingual injection anesthetize? | the floor of the mouth, tongue, and mandibular lingual gingiva |
| Which veins drain the area of the head? | The internal and external jugular veins |
| Where is the most reliable pulse found? | The carotid sinus about a finger width below the angle of the jaw |
| What are the four arteries that form the Circle of Willis? | The right and left internal carotid arteries, and two posterior vertebral arteries that go through the foramen magnum. |
| Which arteries provide most of the nutrition to the head? | The subclavian and common carotid arteries |
| True/False: The veins of the head and neck have valves to prevent backflow and therefore are resistant to infection. | False |
| What are the functions of epithelial tissues? | To cover or line surfaces, and form specialized structures such as enamel and salivary glands |
| Where does the epithelial tissues get their nutrition? | from the connective tissues |
| What are the types of connective tissues? | Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Fluid |
| What are the functions of connective tissues? | To support, hydrate, and bind other tissues together, in addition to carrying nutrients |
| What are the types of muscle tissues? | Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac |
| What are the types of nerve tissue and where are they found? | Soft, fragile located in the CNS |
| What is the CNS composed of? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| What is the PNS composed of? | The rest of the body |
| When do the primary mandibular central incisors erupt? | 6-10 months |
| When do the primary maxillary central incisors erupt? | 8-12 months |
| When do the primary maxillary lateral incisors erupt? | 9-13 months |
| When do the primary mandibular lateral incisors erupt? | 10-16 months |
| When do the primary maxillary canines erupt? | 16-22 months |
| When do the primary mandibular first molars erupt? | 14-18 months |
| When do the primary mandibular canines erupt? | 17-23 months |
| When do the primary maxillary first molars erupt? | 13-19 months |
| When do the primary mandibular second molars erupt? | 23-31 months |
| When do the primary maxillary second molars erupt? | 25-33 months |
| When do the permanent mandibular central incisors erupt? | 6-7 yrs |
| When do the permanent maxillary central incisors erupt? | 7-8 yrs |
| When do the permanent mandibular lateral incisors erupt? | 7-8 yrs |
| When do the permanent maxillary and mandibular first molars erupt? | 6-7 yrs |
| When do the permanent maxillary lateral incisors erupt? | 8-9 yrs |
| When do the permanent maxillary first premolars erupt? | 10-11 yrs |
| When do the permanent mandibular first premolars erupt? | 11-12 yrs |
| When do the permanent mandibular second molars erupt? | 11-13 yrs |
| When do the permanent mandibular canines erupt? | 9-10 yrs |
| When do the permanent maxillary canines erupt? | 11-12 yrs |
| When do the permanent maxillary second molars erupt? | 12-13 yrs |
| When do the third molars or wisdom teeth erupt? | 17-21 yrs |
| What is the function of the primary teeth? | To allow the child to learn to chew solid food, and they hold the position in the jaw for the permanent teeth. |
| What is the function of the incisors? | to cut food |
| What is the function of the canines (cuspids)? | to tear food |
| What is the function of the molars? | to crush food |
| How many roots do the primary incisors, laterals and canines have? | one root |
| How many roots do the primary mandibular molars have? | two roots |
| How many roots do the primary maxillary molars have? | three roots |
| Why do primary teeth have more bulbous curves than permanent teeth? | Because of the restriction of the CEJ |
| How many cusps and roots does the permanent mandibular premolar have? | two cusps and one root |
| How many roots does the permanent maxillary first premolar have? | two |
| How many roots does the permanent maxillary second premolar have? | one, sometimes two |
| How many cusps do permanent molars have? | four |
| What are the roots of the permanent maxillary molars? | palatal root, mesiobuccal root, and distobuccal root |
| Define occlusion | the relationship of the mandibular arch with the maxillary arch, and also the relationship of the teeth within the arch |
| Define concentric occlusion | the habitual position of the teeth as the person tries to find the maximum contact with equal force of the teeth |
| What is the name of the usual occlusion classification standard? | Angle's Classification of Malocclusion |
| What is the hardest structure of the human body? | Enamel |
| What is the inorganic to organic ratio of enamel? | 96% inorganic, 4% organic |
| How is enamel formed? | It is formed by ameloblasts, which form enamel out of hydroxyapatite crystals of calcium phosphate in a matrix of rods, rod sheaths, and interrod substance |
| Where do the Ameloblasts come from? | Ectodermal tissue |
| What is the inorganic to organic ratio of Cementum? | 50% inorganic, 50% organic |
| Is cementum cellular or acellular? | It is cellular in the cervical half and acellular in the apical half of the tooth. |
| What is the function of Cementum? | to cover the dentin in the root of the tooth and provide an attachment surface for the periodontal ligament |
| Where are cementoblasts located? | in the PDL |
| What is the function of cementoblasts? | to form collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite in the matrix |
| What is the outer surface of cementum called? | cementoid |
| Is cementoid hypercalcified or hypocalcified? | Hypocalcified |
| What does the cementoid contain? | Sharpey's fibers of PDL |
| What is the inorganic to organic ratio of Dentin? | 70% inorganic, 30% organic |
| What is the first part of the tooth to mineralize? | Dentin |
| What structures form dentin? | Dentin is formed by dental papilla by odontoblasts |
| What does dentin contain? | collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals |
| What is secondary or reparative dentin? | dentin that forms throughout the life of the tooth in response to trauma or caries |
| What is sclerotic dentin? | dentin that forms when the odontoblasts degenerate and the tubules fill with calcium salt |
| What happens if the odontoblasts die but the tubule does not fill with calcium salt? | the tooth dies |
| What is the pulp? | the non-mineralized portion of the tooth which develops from the dental papilla |
| What does the pulp contain? | nerves and the blood supply |
| What structure is responsible for maintaining the pulp? | Fibroblasts |
| What do the Histocytes and Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells do within the pulp? | They defend against disease |
| Which structures within the pulp help defend against disease? | Histocytes and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells |
| Which fibers form the dentinal matrix? | Korff's fibers |
| Which cells repair the dentinal matrix? | Odontoblasts |
| What is the periodontal ligament (PDL)? | a specialized connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth to the bone. |
| What does the PDL produce? | cementum and lamina dura |
| True/False: The PDL does not calcify | TRUE |
| Sharpey;s fibers consist of six different types of connective fibers. Name these fibers | Free Gingival, Transseptal, Alveolar crest, Horizontal, Apical, Oblique, and Interradicular fibers |
| What do free gingival fibers connect? | the gingiva to the tooth |
| What do transseptal fibers connect? | the mesial surface to the distal surface of adjacent teeth |
| What do alveolar crest fibers do? | they help resist horizontal movement by connecting the alveolar crest to the cementum |
| What is the function of horizontal fibers? | to resist horizontal pressure by connecting cementum to bone |
| What do apical fibers do? | surround the apex of the tooth to connect it to the bone. |
| What is the function of oblique fibers? | to prevent the apex of the tooth from being jammed into the socket by connecting obliquely from the bone toward the crown |
| What is the function of interradicular fibers? | to help stabilize multi-rooted teeth by connecting multiple roots and bone |
| What is the inorganic to organic ratio of alveolar bone? | 50% inorganic, 50% organic |
| What is the function of alveolar bone? | to surround and support the teeth |
| What is compact bone? | the cortical plate which is the outside wall of the mandible and maxilla |
| What is trabecular bone? | spongy bone which makes the inside wall of the mandible and maxilla |
| What is hemopoiesis? | the formation of blood by red bone marrow |
| What does yellow bone marrow consist of? | fatty tissue |
| What fills the spaces around the trabeculae? | Red and yellow bone marrow |
| What is the periosteum? | the structure which covers the outside of the bone |
| What is the endosteum? | the structure that covers the inside of the bone |
| Which cells form bone? | osteoblasts |
| What are osteocytes? | osteoblasts that are trapped inside the bone and maintain contact with adjacent osteocytes |
| What is the lacunae? | the space occupied by the osteocytes |
| What is the lamallae? | thin layers of mature bone that consist of circumferential bone (the outer layer) and subendosteal (the surface of trabecular) bone |
| What consists of the Haversian System | the Haversian canal and Volkmann's canal |
| What does the Haversian canal do? | it carries tiny blood vessels |
| What is the Volkmann's canal? | the canal through which the blood vessels carried by the Haversian canal pass |
| What is gingiva comprised of? | fibrous connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelial tissues |
| Where does gingiva attach? | to the underlying bone |
| What is the sulcus? | the space between the gingiva and the tooth. It surrounds the tooth and ends at the epithelial attachment to the tooth |
| What is the free gingiva? | the gingiva that is not attached to the tooth |
| What is the mucogingival junction? | the layer between the gingiva and the bone where the attached gingiva ends. |
| What is another name for oral epithelium? | Ectoderm |
| This tissue thickens to form the dental lamina | Ectoderm |
| How does the tooth germ form? | It begins to form from the dental lamina into the underlying tissue (mesoderm) |
| Which organ forms enamel? | the enamel organ |
| What does the dental papilla form? | Dentin and Pulp |
| What forms the dentin and pulp? | dental papilla |
| What forms the PDL, cementum and lamina dura? | the dental sac |
| What does the dental sac form? | the PDL, cementum and lamina dura |
| What separates the enamel organ from the dental papilla? | The basement membrane or DEJ |
| What are the parts of the ename organl? | outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum, stratum intermedium and cuboidal cells in the inner enamel epithelium |
| What is the purpose of the reduced enamel epithelium (REE)? | to protect the tooth until it erupts |
| What is the function of Hertwig's epithelial rooth sheath? | to produce dentin, determine the shape of the dentin and the number of roots formed |
| What are the rests of Malassez and what do they do? | they are remnants of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and they form the PDL |
| What are the three forms of mucosa that make up the oral mucous membrane? | Masticatory, Nonkeritinized, and Specialized |
| What is Masticatory mucosa? | keratinized mucosa that includes the gingiva and hard palate |
| What is Nonkeritinized mucosa? | mucosa that lines the cheeks, soft palate, and ventral surface of the tongue |
| What is Specialized mucosa? | mucosa that includes the papillae and the dorsal (top) surface of the tongue |
| what is the function of the oral mucous membrane? | to protect the oral structures, secrete moisture to maintain the surface texture, and absorb nutrients |
| What does the Circulatory system consist of? | the heart, blood vessels and blood |
| What is the membrane that encloses the heart? | the pericardial membrane |
| What is the function of the myocardium and endocardium? | to keep the muscle tissue of the heart moist to facilitate movement |
| What two structures function to facilitate movement of the heart by keeping the tissue moist? | the Myocardium and Endocardium |
| What is the portion of the heart that receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae | the right atrium |
| What is the valve through with blood must travel through to get from the right atrium to the right ventricle? | the tricuspid valve |
| where does the blood flow to after it has entered the right ventricle? | it flows through the pulmonary valve and artery to the lungs |
| Where does the oxygenated blood flow to? | to the left atriuim which sends it into the left ventrical through the mitral valve |
| This ventricle pumps arterial blood into the rest of the body through the aortic valve and the aorta. | the Left ventricle |
| The heart is controlled by its own electrical system which consists of? | the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) and atrioventricular node |
| What is the function of the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)? | to control the contraction of the atria and signals the atrioventricular node to tell the ventricles to contract. |
| What is the normal body temperature? | 98.6 degress F |
| What is the normal blood pressure? | 120/80 mmHg |
| What is the normal glucose concentration? | 0.1% |
| What is the normal pH? | 7.4 |
| What is the function of blood? | to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and wastes. to send WBC's to attack infections and hormones to various organs. it also provides clotting factors when blood vessels break and carries heat away from working muscles |
| Where are red blood cells (erythrocytes) formed? | in bone marrow |
| What is the function of hemoglobin? | to carry oxygen |
| What do erythrocytes contain? | hemoglobin; 4 to 6 million per cubic mm of blood |
| How many white blood cells (leukocytes) are in blood? | 5,000 to 11,000 per cubic mm of blood |
| Where are leukocytes formed? | in bone marrow |
| what is the function of white blood cells (leukocytes)? | to fight infections by surrounding bacteria |
| What are Lymphocytes? | agranular WBC's responsible for immunity |
| What are platelets? | they are the clotting factor; 150,000 to 300,000 per cubic mm of blood |
| What is plasma? | the liquid part of blood which includes hormones, gasses, plasma proteins, salts, and nutrients |
| What is the function of the respiratory system? | to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood in the lungs |
| What is the function of the epiglottis? | to prevent food from entering the larynx |
| What are alveoli? | small elastic sacs where air is exchanged |
| What do the lungs consist of? | the bronchial tree, bronchioles, and alveoli and each are surrounded by a pleural sac to facilitate movement |
| What separates the lungs from the abdominal cavity | the diaphragm |
| What direction does the diaphragm move upon inhalation? | it moves downward to improve lung capacity |
| What direction does the diaphragm move upon exhalation? | it moves upward as it relaxes |
| What is the function of the lymph system? | to keep the body free from infections and at a stable temperature |
| What is the function of the lymphatic capillaries in the GI? | to remove fat and transport it to the bloodstream |
| Where are the lymphatic capillaries located? | in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) |
| What is the function of the lymph nodes? | to filter lymph from all parts of the body and destroy infectious agents |
| What is the function of the spleen? | to filter out broken red blood cells |
| What is the structure that produces hormones during childhood and decreases in size as the body matures? | the thymus |
| What does the thymus produce in adults? | T lymphocytes |
| What is produced by red bone marrow? | red and white blood cells |
| What does the lymphatic system produce in response to injury? | histamine |
| What does histamine cause? | swelling, capillary expansion and permeability |
| What happens if the lymphatic system recognizes a foreign substance (antigen)? | it activates B and T cells to produce antibodies to attack the antigen |
| Define active immunity | immunity that lasts a lifetime |
| Define passive immunity | immunity that is short-termed |
| Define nutrients | the substances the body uses for building, maintaining and repairing |
| What are the six kinds of nutrients? | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals and Water |
| What are proteins made of? | essential and non-essential amino acids that form the building blocks for the body |
| What are essential amino acids? | those that must be obtained from the diet |
| What are non-essential amino acids? | amino acids that can be synthesized by the body if nitrogen is present |
| What are complete proteins? | proteins found in animal products that supply the body with the material necessary for building, repair, and growth |
| What are incomplete proteins? | proteins found in plant products that lack one or more amino acids |
| What results from deficient amounts of protein? | crowded teeth or Kwashiorkor, which causes delayed eruption and hypoplasia |
| Why is proper protein consumption important? | to maintain healthy periodontal tissue and to fight infectious disease of the oral tissues |
| What are the two types of carbohydrates? | simple and complex |
| What is monosaccharide glucose? | the form of carbohydrate most easily converted to energy by the body |
| What is the carbohydrate most easily converted to energy by the body? | Monosaccharide glucose |
| What is the most nutritionally important carbohydrate? | Starch, which is more slowly digested |
| Where is starch derived from? | plants |
| What is glycogen? | animal starch, which is stored in the liver and regulates blood sugar or in muscles, provides energy for muscle contraction |
| What is Dextran? | the sugar used by Streptococcus mutans to produce dental caries |
| What is the name of the sugar used by Streptococcus mutans to produce dental caries? | Dextran |
| True/False: fibers from plants are digestible | FALSE |
| What is peristalsis? | digestion |
| What does pectin from fruit do? | facilitates peristalsis |
| What is insulin? | the protein hormone that increases glucose absorption for energy |
| where is insulin produced? | in the pancreas |
| What are fats composed of? | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What are the 3 types of fats? | triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols |
| What are triglycerides? | fats and oils |
| What are sterols? | cholesterol |
| What is the function of fats? | to carry fat-soluble nutrients, aid in absorption, add flavor to foods, and provide a feeling of appetite satisfaction (satiety) |
| What are saturated fats and where are they found? | fat with maximum hydrogen atoms; found in animal fats and tropical oils |
| What are monosaturated fats? | fats with no hydrogen atoms derived from lamb, shortening, and olive and canola oils. They have no effect on serum cholesterol |
| What are polyunsaturated fats? | they reduce serum cholesterol; found in soybean, cottonseed, and vegetable oils |
| Where does cholesterol come from? | animal sources |
| What are the principle deterrents to elevated serum cholesterol and blocked arteries? | reduced fat diets, and exercise |
| True/False: Vitamins and minerals do not provide energy to the body | TRUE |
| What is the function of vitamins and minerals? | they allow the body to use the other nutrients to build, maintain and repair, regulate the release of energy |
| Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored? | in the liver and fatty tissues and can become toxins if they are not used immediately |
| What is the function of water-soluble vitamins? | to aid metabolism and the production and repair of body tissues |
| What are fat-soluble vitamins? | A,D,E,K Vitamins |
| What are water-soluble vitamins? | B,C Vitamins |
| Which minerals form the basis of bones and teeth and help to regulate cell metabolism? | Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorous |
| Which minerals aid in nerve functions? | Magnesium, Potassium, and Chloride |
| What is the function of sodium and chloride? | to balance electrolytes |
| Water makes up this much of the total body weight | 50% to 60% |
| Where does water reside? | in and around the cells of the body |
| Describe the function of cell membranes | they are semi-permeable to allow water and other nutrients to flow in and out to maintain a balance between the cells and the bloodstream |
| What are the functions of water? | to transport nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells, lubricate body parts, maintain body temp, and react in chemical functions. |
| How long can the body survive without water? | two to three days |
| What is caused by Vitamin B deficiency? | Beriberi, burning tongue, angular cheilitis |
| What is caused by Vitamin A deficiency? | night blindness |
| What is caused by Vitamin C deficiency? | scurvy |
| What is caused by Vitamin D deficiency? | rickets |
Created by:
dyoung07
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