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Anatomy Final Sp 23
vocab on the final Spring 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| smooth | involuntary muscle, spindle shaped, found lining internal organs, not striated |
| skeletal | voluntary muscle, cylinder shaped , found attached to bones, striated |
| cardiac | involuntary muscle, branched cylinder shaped, found in the heart |
| quadriceps group | extends the lower leg as in kicking |
| hamstring group | flexes lower leg |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm |
| pectoralis major | flexes the arm (in front of the body) |
| latissimus dorsi | extends the arm (behind you) |
| adductor group | adducts the thigh (brings legs together) |
| gluteus minimus | abducts the thigh |
| gluteus maximus | extends the leg |
| iliopsoas | flexes the leg |
| sternocleidomastoid | flexes and rotates the head |
| trapezius | extends and hyperextends head |
| type A blood | has A antigens and anti-B antibodies, can donate to A or AB, can receive from A or O |
| Type B blood | has B antigens, anti A antibodies; can donate to B or AB, can receive from B or O |
| Type AB blood | has A and B antigens and no antibodies in the plasma, universal recipient |
| Type O Blood | has no antigens, both antibodies, universal donor |
| Rh factor | tells whether you have the Rh antigen, you are either + or - |
| right atrium | chamber of heart that receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava |
| right ventricle | receives blood from the right atrium and sends it into the pulmonary trunk |
| left atrium | receives blood from the lungs (pulmonary veins) and sends it to the left ventricle |
| left ventricle | receives blood from the left atrium and sends blood out of the aorta to the body |
| tricuspid valve | between the right atrium and right ventricle; 3 cusps held by chordae tendinae |
| bicuspid valve | between the left atrium and left ventricle; 2 cusps held by chordae tendinae |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | in the pulmonary trunk, prevents blood from falling back into the right ventricle |
| aortic semilunar valve | in the aorta, prevents blood from falling back into the left ventricle |
| semilunar valves | 3 pockets that fill with blood and close off to prevent backflow |
| superior and inferior vena cava | bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium |
| pulmonary arteries | only arteries carrying deoxygenated blood; goes from right ventricle to lungs to pick up oxygen |
| pulmonary veins | only veins carrying oxygenated blood; goes from lungs to left atrium |
| aorta | largest artery; carries blood from the heart to the body |
| veins | carry blood TO the heart |
| arteries | carry blood AWAY from the heart |
| capillaries | smallest vessels where diffusion of gasses and nutrients occurs with the tissues of the body |
| heart disease | caused primarily by diseased blood vessels that cause the heart to work harder |
| heart attack | a blockage of a coronary artery prevents oxygen from getting to the heart muscle, and part of the heart dies |
| hypertension | chronic high blood pressure |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries due to lack of proper nutrition, age, genetics, age |
| atherosclerosis | buiid-up of plaque that can block the arteries and make them rigid |
| thromboembolism | when a blood clot breaks free and travels to other areas and may get clogged in the small arteries that feed vital organs (brain, heart, lungs) |
| stroke | when part of the brain dies due to lack of blood flow (oxygen) |
| diarrhea | increased peristalsis of the large intestine resulting in watery stool |
| heartburn | results when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus |
| sinusitis | inflammation of the air pockets of the skull |
| tonsillitis | inflammation of the immune glands of the pharynx |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the voicebox leading to hoarseness or loss of voice |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the air tubes leading to the lungs; can be chronic or acute |
| asthma | a form of COPD where the bronchi become inflamed and constricted |
| emphysema | when the air sacs of the lungs become distended and damaged and limit the amount of gas that can be exchanged; due to smoking |
| pneumonia | infection affecting the alveoli, they fill with fluid |
| tuberculosis | infection of the lung tissue where bacteria become encapsulated within the lungs, multiply, then burst out and spread |
| lung cancer | usually due to smoking, contents of smoke causes mutations in the lung cells, resulting in tumors that spread |
| frontal lobe | part of the cerebrum voluntary movement, planning, organization, and concentration |
| parietal lobe | part of the cerebrum responsible for sensing pain, touch, temperature, and limb position |
| temporal lobe | part of the cerebrum responsible for emotions, understanding language, learning and remembering verbal info, auditor processing |
| occipital lobe | part of the cerebrum responsible for vision (color, shape, motion) |
| cerebrum | part of the brain for higher brain functions like reasoning, interpreting senses, speech/language, emotions,and memory |
| cerebellum | maintains balance/position by working with the inner ear |
| corpus callosum | bridge between the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| brain stem | basic life function are controlled by this part of the brain: breathing, heart rate, BP |
| thalamus | sends information from the spinal cord to the appropriate part of the brain for interpretation (switchboard operator) |
| hypothalamus | regulates the pituitary gland; where the brain meets the hormone system |
| pituitary gland | regulates the entire endocrine system (hormones); the master gland at the base of the brain but NOT part of the brain itself |
| learning | building of connections between neurons in the brain; more use of the pathway leads to memory |
| reflexes | actions that take place without learning, are automatic responses to stimuli |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | all nerves extending from the spinal cord |
| Somatic Nervous System | controls voluntary muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System | controls involuntary actions |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | rest and digest; part of the autonomic nervous system that helps you relax |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | fight or flight; part of the autonomic nervous system that helps you become alert in emergency situations |
| cornea | anterior,clear window to the eye |
| conjunctiva | protective covering of the front of the eyeball |
| lens | focuses light on the retina |
| retina | innermost layer of the eye containing the rods and cones |
| rods | photoreceptors of the retina that allow black and white vision in dim light |
| cones | photoreceptors of the retina that allow color vision in bright light |
| pupil | opening for light to enter the eye |
| iris | muscle that controls the size of the pupil, regulates light |
| aqueous humor | watery fluid in front of the lens |
| vitreous humor | jelly like fluid behind the lens that holds the retina in place |
| conjunctivitis | pink eye, inflammation of the covering of the front of the eye |
| blindness | due to damage to the optic nerve, occipital lobe of the brain, or they eye anatomy itself |
| color blindness | insufficient cones in the retina ; inability to distinguish certain colors |
| myopia | nearsightedness caused by an elongated eyeball |
| hyperopia | farsightedness; caused by a shortened eyeball |
| glaucoma | increase in pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye leading to pressure on the optic nerve and blood vessels of the eye; can lead to blindness if untreated |
| cataracts | clouding of the lens interfering with vision |
| outer ear | directs sound waves to the eardrum; includes the pinna and external auditory canal |
| pinna | outer flap of ear |
| tympanic membrane | eardrum; conducts sound waves to the ossibles |
| middle ear | between the eardrum and the oval window of the inner ear |
| ossicles | hammer, anvil, and stirrup; small bones that send vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear |
| oval window | opening in the inner ear where the middle ear and inner ear meet; receives vibrations from the stirrup |
| inner ear | portion of ear for hearing and balance |
| semicircular canals | 3 tubes located above the cochlea to help maintain balance and positional awareness |
| cochlea | in the inner ear, receives vibrations from the ossibles and sends nerve impulses to the brain |
| inner ear fluid | movement of this fluid bends hair cells to generate electrical impulses |
| deafness | when the process of hearing is interrupted |
| external auditory canal | opening of ear that allows vibrations to enter and reach the tympanic membrane |
Created by:
Mrs. Meeks SHS
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