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Joints/Articulations
A&P II chapter 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Arthros | joint, as in arthritis |
| Articulation | -where two bones meet -most permit movement -normal vs pathological movement |
| pathological movement | abnormal movement |
| kinesiology | study of motion |
| Two Classes of Joints | Function & Structural |
| Functional Joints | -based on movement possible between two bones - 3 classes of joint, Synarthrotic, Amphiarthtotic, Diarthrotic |
| Range of Motion (ROM) | Based on amount of movement possible between two bones |
| Structural Joints | Based on anatomy only, especially the matrix |
| 3 matrix ingredients | Fibers, Cartilage, Bone *Synovial joints contain all 3 matrices |
| Synarthrosis | syn-no No ROM prevents movement found in skull sutures |
| Amphiarthrosis | amphi-some Some ROM made for stability ankles and wrists |
| Diarthrosis | Dia-across Full ROM free movement, but unstable shoulders and knees |
| Structural Anatomy | Matrix + Joint Cavity |
| Synovial Joints = | all 3 matrices and joint cavity |
| Types of Synarthrosis joints | 1. Suture 2. Gomphosis 3.Synchondrosis 4.Synostosis |
| Suture | fiber bones sewn together (interlocked) only in skull |
| Gomphosis | fiber fibrous connection (periodental ligamnet) binds teeth to sockets |
| Synchondrosis | cartilage rigid cartilage bridge between 2 bones epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate) of long bone still while growing Ribs 1&2 attached to manubrium |
| Synostosis | bony 2 bones fuse, no boundary mature bones fuse the growth plates (cartilage -> bones) |
| Type of Ampiharthrosis Joints | 1. Syndesmosis 2. Symphysis |
| Syndesmosis | fiber ligament bones connected by ligaments ex. Tibia/fibula, radius/ulna |
| Symphysis | fibrocartilage 2 bones connected by a wedge of fibrocartilage ex. pubic cartilage and intervertebral discs |
| Synovial Joint (Diarthrosis) | all 3 fibers aka movable joint ends of articulating bones |
| Special features of synovial joint | Joint Capsule (articular capsule) Synovial fluid Joint Cavity Articular Cartilage Accessory structures |
| Joint Capsule | (Articular capsule) fibrous cartilage outside synovial membrane inside |
| fibrous cartilage | tough like jeans, outside of the joint capsule) |
| synovial membrane | makes serous fluid aka synovial fluid, inside the joint capsule |
| joint cavity | space between bones, filled with synovial fluid |
| articular cartilage | covers end of long bones reduces friction in joints, aided by synovial fluid similar to hyaline cartilage but more water |
| Accessory structures | cushions and stabilizes joints menisci, fat pads, bursae, ligaments |
| Menisci (Meniscus) | fibrocartilage pad/disc between bones found in knee and TMJ joint |
| Bursae (Bursa) | fluid filled sac that contains synovial fluid may be connected or separated from joint cavity protects where tendons/ligaments rub against tissue reduce friction, act as shock absorbers |
| Fat pad | adipose covered synovial membrane, usually outside the joint cavity fills space when joints move |
| Accessory Ligaments | capsular ligaments- outside (extracapsular), inside (intracapsular) the synovial joint sprain = stretched or torn cartilage, but overall ligament is okay |
| synovial tendon sheaths | tubular bursae surrounding long tendons passing over wrist and ankle joints |
| Adventitious bursae | abnormal occurrence due to distorted movement |
| Damage to cartilage | bone breaks down, rough surfaces result, which results in pain because of friction Osteoarthritis (Most Common), rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, infection |
| synovial fluid | tough and viscous plasma w/hyaluronic acid secrete by fibroblasts in the synovial membrane |
| Characteristics of synovial fluid | a.) Lubrication- weeping cartilage like a sponge filled w/ synovial fluid, creates a hydroplane surface b.Nutrient Distribution-chondrocytes get food and get rid of waste through vacuum created by movement c. Shock absorption-Viscosity increases w/press |
| Dislocation (luxation) | articulating surfaces forced out of position damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule |
| Sublaxation | partial dislocation |
| Rheumatism | pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems |
| Arthritis | all forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints |
| Osteoarthritis | MC due to repetitive motion of opposing joint surfaces and/or genetic factors affecting collagen formation pain management and/or surgical correction may get rid of symptoms movement re-education useful |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | autoimmune disease of joints Inflammatory condition due to genetic & environmental factors wrist & hands, lungs, heart inflammation |
| Gouty Arthritis | occurs when crystals (uric acid or Calcium Salts) form within synovial fluid due to metabolic disorders Consuming meat, seafood, beer (purines) & being overweight are factors |
| Joint Immobilization | reduces flow of synovial fluid can cause arthritis symptoms treated by Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) therapy |
| Bones and Aging | Bone mass decreases, bones weaken, increased risk of hip and pelvic fracture and hip dislocation |
| Bone recycling | living bones maintain homeostatic ion equilibrium |
| Osteoblasts | Bone Building |
| Osteoclasts | Bone Breakdown- releases Calcium Bone contains 99% of total body Calcium |
| Factors affecting Bone strength | all work by affecting bone recycling 1.Age 2. Physical Stress 3.Hormone levels 4.Calcium and Phosphorus uptake and excretion 5.Genetic and enviornmental factors |
| Disorders in the body can cause | Bone tumors Osteoporosis Arthritis Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency) |
| Ways to move a bone | 1. Move the point past another bone on a mostly flat surface 2.Change the angle of the shaft in relation to another bone 3.Rotate the shaft while keeping the point in place one end of the bone always keeps contact w/another bone |
| Articular motion | slide, roll, spin |
| Gliding (linear) movement | two surfaces sliding past one another |
| Angular movement | opening or closing an angle (20-120 degrees) flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| Rotation | turning a bone inwards or outwards -external (lateral) rotation, internal (medial) rotation, pronation, supination |
| Special movements | related to specific joints like the thumb inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, reposition, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, lateral flexion |
| Axes of Motion | 1. Monoaxial 2. Biaxial 3. Triaxial 4. Multiaxial/nonaxial |
| Monaxial | movement around one axis |
| Biaxial | movement around two axes |
| Triaxial | movement around 3 axes |
| Multiaxial/nonaxial | movement in any direction |
| Synovial Joint Shape | Gliding Hinge Condylar Ball and Socket Saddle Pivot |
| Gliding Joint | Unite bones using cartilage nonaxial movement ex: sacroiliac joint, intercarpal (wrist bones) joint, vertebrocostal joints (rib to vertebrae), Acromioclavicular joint & sternoclavicular joint |
| Hinge Joint | Uniaxial Movement angular movement ex: elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal (fingers and toes) joints |
| Condylar Joint | Biaxial angular movement ex: radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarophalangeal joints 2-5 (knuckles) metatarsophalangeal joints 2-5 (toe to foot) |
| Ball and Socket | triaxial angular movement that includes circumduction, plus rotation movement ex: shoulder joint, hip joint |
| Saddle Joint | Biaxial, angular movement ex: carometacarpal joint (CMC) = thumb, sternoclavicular joint |
| Pivot Joint | monoaxial, rotation movement ex: atlantoaxial (C1-C2) joint, proximal radioulnar joint of elbow |
| Movement Vs. Strength | Joint can't be both mobile and strong greater mobility = weaker joint mobile joints supported by muscles/tendons and ligaments -injuries destabilize joints |
| Sutures | bone to bone connections |
| Flexion | anterior-posterior plane reduces angle between elements |
| extension | anterior-posterior plane increases angle between elements |
| Hyperextension | Extension past anatomical position |
| Abduction | Frontal (Coronal) plane moves away from longitudinal axis away from body center |
| Adduction | frontal (coronal) plane moves toward longitudinal axis toward body center |
| Circumduction | circular motion w/o rotation combo of angles which appears to be seamless and interrupted 360 degrees |
| Internal rotation (medial) | rotates toward the longitudinal axis of the body |
| External rotation (lateral) | rotates away from the longitudinal axis of the body |
| Pronation | turns forearm radius over ulna, palms face posterior |
| Supination | forearm is in anatomical position, palms face anterior |
| Inversion | face sole of the foot inward |
| Eversion | face sole of the foot outward |
| Dorsiflexion | flexion at ankle (toes to the ceiling) |
| Plantar flexion | Extension at ankle (toes to the floor) |
| Opposition | thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping) |
| reposition | opposite of opposition, repose (relax thumb) |
| protraction | moves anteriorly in horizontal plane (pushing forward) |
| retraction | moves posteriorly in horizontal plane (pulling back) |
| Elevation | moves in superior direction (up) |
| Depression | moves in inferior direction (down) |
| Lateral Flexion | bends vertebral column from side to side |
Created by:
treylowrey1
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