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Anatomy and Physio
I.I ANATOMY - ORGAN SYSTEM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| human anatomy and physiology | the study of the structure and function of the human body |
| checks and balances | The human body has many intricate parts with coordinated functions maintained by a complex system of |
| stimuli | changes in environmental information serves as |
| anatomy | - the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body - means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study |
| systemic anatomy and regional anatomy | two basic approaches to the study of anatomy |
| systemic anatomy | the study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems |
| regional anatomy | the study of the organization of the body by areas |
| surface anatomy and anatomical imaging | anatomists have two general ways to examine the internal structures of a living person: |
| surface anatomy | the study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures |
| anatomical imaging | involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a ligament is torn |
| physiology | the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things |
| major goals for studying physiology | - to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli and - to understand how the body maintains internal conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments. |
| chemical level | involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules |
| organelles | little organs |
| tissue | a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them |
| four primary types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| organ system | a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions |
| levels of organization | chemical level, cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level |
| organism | any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human |
| life | the most important common feature of all organisms |
| six essential characteristics of life | organization, metabolism. responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction |
| organization | refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working together |
| metabolism | the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction |
| responsiveness | the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life |
| growth | refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism |
| development | the changes an organism undergoes through time |
| development | the greatest developmental changes occur before birth, but many changes continue after birth, and some continue throughout life |
| differentiation | change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized |
| reproduction | the formation of new cells or new organisms |
| homeo- | the same |
| -stasis | to stop |
| homeostasis | the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment |
| homeostatic mechanisms | such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an average normal value, or set point |
| Integumentary System | Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. |
| Skeletal System | Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints. |
| Muscular System | Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. |
| Nervous System | A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. |
| Endocrine System | A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones. |
| Cardiovascular System | Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
| Lymphatic System | Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. |
| Respiratory System | Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages. |
| Digestive System | Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. |
| Urinary System | Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters. |
| Female Reproductive System | Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures. |
| Male Reproductive System | Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. |
Created by:
kindara
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