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The Lymph sys pt 1

A&P II Chapter 22

TermDefinition
Functions of the Lymphatic System produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes to defend against infection & environment
Immune Cells lymphocytes, macrophages & microphages travel to sites of infection -circulate constantly in bloodstream -can leave caps and enter tissue to reach emergency site
Lymph Fluid Circulation Blood plasma-lymph-venous system transports hormones, nutrients, and waste products
Primary sites lymphocytes are formed and mature red bone marrow Thymus gland
Secondary sites lymphocytes activated & cloned (identical reproduction) Appendix Spleen Lymph Nodes Tonsils MALT (mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue)
Types of Lymphatic Vessels lymph-peripheral tissues-venous system small lymphatic capillaries Valves prevent backflow Major Large lymph collecting vesses- right before the heart -Superficial lymphatics -Deep lymphatics
Small Lymphatic Capillaries fluid from interstitium-lymphatic vessels flow to the heart
Names of Lymphatic Vessels & Structures Capillaires Superficial & Deep Lymphatic Vessels -Afferent lymphatic vessels(IN) -Lymph Nodes -Efferent lymphatic vessels(OUT) -Valves -Cysterna Chyli R&L Trunks Right Lymphatic Duct & Thoracic Duct -deep into subclavian veins
Cysterna Chyli drains intestines & legs into thoracic duct
Superficial Lymphatic major lymph collecting vessel subcutaneous layer of skin mucous membranes (digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive) Serous membrane (pleural, pericardial , peritoneal) follows veins
Deep Lymphatics major lymph collecting vessel follow arteries accompany deep veins & arteries supply skeletal muscle & organ
Lymphatic Trunks major lymph collecting vessel 5 trunks- big highways back to the heart where superficial and deep lymphatics meet
2 collection vessels 1. Right Lymphatic duct- collects lymph from R. side above diaphragm -smaller 2. Thoracic ducts- collects all lymph from below diaphragm & left side of the body of diaphragm -Cisterna Chyli- sac that drains everything below the diaphragm
5 Lymphatic Trunks 1. Jugular- head and neck 2.Bronchomediastinal- center chest and lungs 3.Subclavian- arms 4.Intestinal- intestines 5.Lumbar-kidneys, adrenals, both legs)
Lymphedema blockage of lymphatic drainage accumulated interstitial (tissue) fluid
Lymphocytes 20-40% of all circulating leukocytes most leukocytes are stored Most are T-cells 1.T-cells (thymus dependent) 2.B-cells (Bone Marrow-derived) 3.NK cells (Natural Killer)
Lymphopoiesis making lymphocytes occurs in red bone marrow- group 1 is B& NK cells Thymus-group 2 is T-cells
Lymphopoiesis in Red Bone Marrow Group1 stem cells make immature B cells & NK cells -remains in red bone marrow -NK cells= natural immunity -B cells= antibodies and memories
Lymphopoiesis in Thymus Group 2 stem cells make T cells -migrate to thymus -isolated by blood-thymus barrier -divided rapidly, all types are mad, only 2% selected T-cells= cytotoxic & smart, learn what to attack
Lymphoid Tissues Nodules-small, localized collection of lymphoid tissue Tonsils MALT
Nodules CT dominated by lymphocytes no fibrous capsule usually located in loose CT beneath wet epithelial membrane (digestive, respi system, bladder) Areolar tissue w/ densely pack lymphocytes Geminal center has dividing lymphocytes
Tonsils Large lymphoid nodules in walls of pharynx 5 tonsils L& R Palatine tonsils Pharyngeal Tonsils Lingual tonsils at base of tongue
MALT Mucous-associated Lymphatic tissue clusters of lymphoid tissue protecting epithelia of digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive system
Appendix mass of fused lymphoid nodules in walls where caecum begins
Peyer's patches small intestine epithelial lining -aggregated lymphoid nodules GALT- gut assoc. lymphoid tissue found mostly in ileum macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells & B-cells M-cells
M-cells sample intestinal contacts & presents antigens of invaders to macrophages & lymphocytes -targeted by prions, polio, salmonella
Lymphoid Organs Lymphoid Tissue surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule 1.Lymph Node 2.Thymus 3.Spleen
Lymph node small organ found thruout body -high concentration @ neck, axillae & groin
Afferent lymphatics lymph- node from peripheral tissues
Efferent lymphatics leave lymph @ ilium lymph- venous circulation
Lymph Node function purifies lymph before it returns to venous circulation removes debris, pathogens, 99% of antigens fixed macrophages live in walls of lymphatic sinuses & eat debris & pathogens -Macs present antigens, eat pathogen & keep piece on them so lymphocytes rec
Thymus located in mediastinum atrophies after puberty- lowers effectiveness of immune system 2 thymic lobes-dense outer cortex & pale central medulla
Lymphocytes Mature T-cells leave thymus. by medullary blood vessels
Spleen Contains largest collection of lymphoid tissue in body Central clean & store station for blood
Functions of the spleen Removal of abnormal blood cells & other blood components by phagocytes Storage of iron recycled from Reb blood cells Starts immune response by B&T cells -response to antigens in blood
Anatomy of Spleen contacts diaphragm & left kidney Trabecular Arteries & Veins -enter & leave @ ileum, branching from center to edge & back to center -caps deliver RBCs from body to Red Pulp Veins return cleaned back to body for trip to heart Red Pulp White Pulp
Red Pulp primary function-filtration of blood uses innate (nonspecific) immune response many RBCs &WBCs remove RBCS & platelets store platelets fetal hemopoiesis
White Pulp where T&B cell responses are mounted using cells of the acquired/adaptive (specific) immune response T&B lymphocytes dominates
Rupture of Spleen often leads to splenectomy spleen= fragile, tears easily Minor hit to left side of abdomen= rupture is enlarged serious internal bleeding, shock, and death can occur MVAs & contact sports
Splenectomy Difficult to repair rupture so spleen removed -can survive w/o spleen, but more susceptible to bacterial infections, esp. pneumonoccral bacteria.
Created by: treylowrey1
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