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A & P Memmler's 12th

Chapter 2 Chemistry, Matter, and Life

TermDefinition
Matter The substances from which the universe is made.
Elements All the different types of matter.
Carbon Basis of all ogranic componds or human cells.
Calcium Builds bones and teeth; needed for muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and blood clotting.
Potassium Active in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction.
Sodium Active in water balance.
Iron Part of hemoglobin and compound that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Oxygen Metabolizes nutrients for energy.
Phosphorus Active ingredient in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Nucleus The center of the atom and has protons and neutrons.
Electrons Negatively charged subatomic particle.
Atoms The smallest subunits of elements cannot be broken down or changed.
Ionic bonds This is formed when one atom transfers electrons to another atom.
Electrolytes Compounds that separate into ions in solution such as sodium chloride (salt).
Covalent Bonds This is formed when two atoms share electrons.
Molecules These are chemicals composed of two or more atoms held together with covalent bonds.
Compounds These are chemicals composed of two or more different atoms held together by ionic or covalent bonds.
Solution This is a mixture when a substance is dissolved in a solvent (liquid). Example: salt or sugar is dissolved in water.
Suspension This is a mixture where the substance is dispersed in another, but will settle to the bottom, unless constantly mixed. Example: Milk of Magnesia or Amoxicillin.
Colloid This is a mixture that remains evenly distributed. Example: Blood plasma.
Water This substance is a universal solvent.
pH Scale 7.35 - 7.45
Monosaccharide One sugar. Exp. Glucose
Disaccharide Two sugar. Exp. Sucrose and lactose.
Polysaccharide Many sugars. Exp. Glycogen and starch.
Triglyceride This lipid insulates the body, protects organs, and stores energy.
Phospholipid This lipid is the main componet of cell membranes.
Steroid This helps regulate body function like sex hormones and cortisol.
Enzymes Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Nucleotides The building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Catabolism Catabolic reactions break substances down and are used to form Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
Anabolism Anabolic reactions build substances up and ofter require Adenosine Triphosphate to perform the reaction.
Dehydration A decrease in body fluid volume.
Hypernatremia Elevation or increase in blood sodium levels.
Hypotension Low blood pressure
Hypertention High blood pressure
Hyponatremia Decrease in blood sodium levels.
Tachycardia Incrased heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
Bradycardia Decrease heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
Carbohydrates Simple sugars or monosacchrides help buld this organic compound.
Lipids This is a class of organic compounds that are not souluble in water.
Proteins This is the body's structural materials found in muscle bone and connective tissue.
Glycogen This is the storage form of glucose.
Amino acids These monomers compose proteins.
Metabolism All life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within the body systems.
Protons Positively charged subatomic particles.
Neurons Non/not charged subatomic particles.
Base A substance that releasees and accepts hydrogen ions and helps with buffering.
Acidosis Body fluid pH less than 7.35
Alkalosis Body fluid pH greater than 7.45
Buffers Chemicals that prevent sharp changes in hydrogen concentration and is vital for maintaining a normal pH.
Hydrophobic Water fearing
Hydrophalic Water loving
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