Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Lecture Test 3
Dr. Zhou's Ch 24, 25, & 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism is best described as: | The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in catabolism & anabolism Catabolic- break down large organic molecules, which release the energy that was contained in the chemical bonds Anabolic- joining of smaller molecules into larger ones |
| What is the most important outcome of cellular respiration? | Cellular respiration refers to cells using glucose and converting it into ATP Most important outcome is ATP formation |
| ATP is: | The energy currency of cells, can be used to immediately power molecular machines that support cells, tissues, and organ function |
| A person becomes hungry after he has NOT eaten for a time because: | A drop in blood glucose levels slow down the release of the hormones leptin and insulin. Low levels are detected by the hypothalamus, which releases neuropeptide Y |
| Uncontrolled ketosis (usually low) ultimately will result in: | An abnormally high level of ketone in bodies in the blood is called ketosis. Ketone bodies are acidic and lower the pH of blood. Low blood pH can cause disorientation, coma, and death |
| Ammonia produced by deamination is converted by the liver into a less toxic substance called: | Urea |
| Which of the following produced the most body heat? | Catabolic reactions produce more body heat then anabolic reactions 40% is used in ATP, 60% is released as heat (regulates body temperature) |
| The principal result of glucose metabolism is the: | Formation of ATP through cellular respiration |
| Basal metabolic rate is a measurement of the body's energy needs when it is in a: | Quiet, resting, and fasting state |
| The formation of glycogen from glucose is called: | Glycogenesis |
| Before fatty acids can be oxidized by means of Krebs cycle, they must be converted into: | Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) |
| Before fatty acids can be utilized as fuel, they are degraded by beta oxidation to molecules of: | Acetyl CoA |
| Excess protein taken into the body will be: | Converted into glucose or triglycerides Excess protein is not excreted by urine or feces, but recycled Converted into fat |
| Carbon dioxide plus ammonia forms: | Urea |
| Most biological oxidations are: | Dehydrogenation reactions |
| Conversion of NAD1 to NADH and H1 is: | A reduction reaction |
| The function of coenzyme A in glucose metabolism is: | To bind with an acetyl group to for Acetyl CoA |
| The primary significance of the Krebs cycle in terms of ATP production is: | The formation of NADH and FADH |
| Each molecule of Acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle produces how many molecules of carbon dioxide? | 2 molecules of Carbon Dioxide per Acetyl CoA molecule |
| The end products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose are: | 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 30 to 32 ATP |
| Which of the following processes requires oxygen? | The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (both occurs in the mitochondria) |
| The most common carbohydrate "fuel" for living organisms is: | Glucose |
| Enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are located in the : | Mitochondria |
| Where the glycolysis is carried out in the cell? | In the cytosol or cytoplasm |
| Which statement of catabolism is correct? | Catabolism releases energy and are oxidative reactions |
| Which statement of anabolism is correct? | Anabolism uses or absorbs energy and are reduction reactions |
| Which statement about HDL is NOT correct? | Needs to be known: HDL removes excess cholesterol from the blood and sends it to the liver for elimination, considered good cholesterol |
| Which statement about LDL is NOT correct? | Needs to be known: LDL transports cholesterol to cells, deposits cholesterol onto smooth muscle of arteries; can cause coronary artery disease and heart attack |
| Which of the following is not considered a key molecule of metabolic crossroad: | Three key molecules: Glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, and Acetyl CoA |
| A process called deamination in the hepatocytes is involved in the catabolism of: | Proteins |
| During the breakdown of glucose, what are the net gain of ATP in anaerobic pathway? | 2 ATP (4 are produced but 2 are used) |
| During the breakdown of glucose, what are the net gain of ATP in aerobic pathway? | 30 or 32 ATP |
| How can energy be obtained from amino acids | Deamination of amino acids will allow them to enter the Krebs cycle |
| Which statement about lipids broken down is correct? | Triglycerides will be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol can be converted into glucose and fatty acids into Acetyl CoA to enter Krebs cycle |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | Conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules into glucose |
| Which statement is correct about the regulation of absorptive phase? | Metabolism after eating, a rise in blood glucose causes insulin release, causes glucose to enter cells, insulin converts glucose into glycogen in liver, insulin stimulated cells to synthesize triglycerides and proteins, T3 and T4 cause protein synthesis |
| Which statement is correct about the regulation of postabsorptive phase? | Insulin levels lower due to lower blood glucose level. Glucagon & epinephrine cause glycogen (liver) to break down for energy, epinephrine & norepinephrine stimulate lipolysis to make glucose, & cortisol will break down protein to make glucose. |
| Which is the factor is involved in heat exchange with the environment? | Conduction: transfer heat to another object (direct) Convection: transfer heat by movement of fluid between areas of different temps. Radiation: transfer heat to cooler objects around you (not direct) Evaporation: conversion of liquid to vapor |
| Which of the following is/are characteristic of the kidney? | Positioned behind padded layer of fat, inside renal sinus, upper rear portion of abdominal cavity, supplied by renal vein and drained by renal artery |
| The glomerular membrane differs from a typical capillary membrane in which of the following ways? | It has a lot of tiny holes, more permeable to H2O and small molecules, filtration easier, glomerular drained by efferent arteriole |
| Which of the following mechanisms, if any, exerts the greatest influence towards maintaining homeostasis of total fluid volume? | Renal tubular water reabsorption ability |
| In systemic hypotension,____is secreted; as a result,____will constrict the efferent arterioles leading to increased blood pressure in glomerulus, | Renin, Angiotensin 2 (secreted by JGI) |
| Whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold for glucose: | Glucose will appear or lost in urine |
| Place the following in their proper sequence: 1. Release of renin 2. Sodium reabsorption from tubules 3. Formation of angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1 4. Release of aldosterone 5. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 | CORRECT ORDER: 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 |
| If the glomerular blood pressure is 65 mmHg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure is 12 mmHg, and the colloidal osmotic pressure in the glomerulus approximates 28 mmHg, what is the effective filtration pressure? | 65-12-28=25 mmHg |
| Filtration in the glomerulus is due principally to: | Glomerular blood pressure |
| Which of the following statements is "NOT TRUE" for the ureter? | False: Contains skeletal muscle in its wall True: carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| What effect does antidiuretic hormone have on the kidney? | Stimulates kidney to reabsorb H2O |
| Aldosterone: | From cortex of adrenal gland, leads to an increase of the crystalloid osmotic pressure of the blood, increase the reabsorption of sodium from the tubular lumen of the nephron |
| Juxtaglomerular cells would be stimulated to produce renin by? | Moderate to severe hemorrhage or seriously dehydrated |
| An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood will? | Increase the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood |
| Urination would be increased by: | Antidiuretic hormone will be reduced, NAP, drinking lots of water |
| What would probably occur if the prostate gland had a tumor in its central part? | The urethra would be constricted and urine would back up to the bladder |
| Consumption of alcohol increases urine production by: | Inhibiting the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland |
| When a substance in the renal tubules exceeds its threshold: | The amount of the substance will be found in the urine |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced in the: | Neurons of the hypothalamus |
| Potassium secretion into the urine is controlled by: | Aldosterone secretion |
| After the bladder is stretched due to the buildup of urine, nerve impulses pass through the spinal cord to the hypothalamus via the: | Lateral spinothalamic tract |
| Because about 20% of the water in the glomeruli is filtered into the Bowman's Capsule, the ____osmotic pressure of the blood entering the peritubular capillary bed is_____. | Relative, increased |
| An abnormal constituent in the urine is: | Protein, glucose, RBCs amino acids |
| The kidney's control over Na+ excretion is monitored by a hormone called? | Aldosterone |
| The amount of water lost or retained by the body is primarily regulated by: | The antidiuretic hormone |
| Glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma in composition EXCEPT that the filtrate lacks significant amounts of: | Proteins |
| When arterial blood pressures decrease substantially, the glomerular filtration rate: | Decreases slightly |
| The kidneys help to regulate the pH of the body fluids by controlling the: | Secretion of hydrogen ions; if more acidic secretes more hydrogen ions |
| When excessive amounts of water are lost due to sweating or diarrhea: | Dehydration --> Production of ADH --> Renin is secreted --> H20 is retained |
| ADH, a hormone believed to be synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus, is released into the blood by the posterior pituitary gland, an it | Accelerates distal tubule reabsorption of H2O in PCT and collecting duct |
| The epithelium of the glomerulus is composed of: | Fenestrated endothelium |
| The ion that would have the greatest effect on water movement between body compartments is: | Sodium |
| Microvilli are in the greatest quantity in the: | Area of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) |
| The inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule is made of: | Podocytes |
| The liquid which collects in the minor calices of the renal sinus is: | Urine |
| Which has as its main function the "reabsorption of sodium, chloride, amino acids, and about 80% of eventual water reabsorption?" | Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| The maintenance of a relatively high blood pressure in the glomerulus is related to the fact that: | The afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole, takes blood out of the glomerulus |
| The hormone ADH functions by affecting what part of the kidney? | The collecting duct and Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| Angiotensin 1 splits from angiotensinogen by the enzymatic action of: | Renin |
| Which of the following is not actively reabsorbed? | H2O |
| The direction of water movement between fluid compartments is determined by: | The concentration of solutes or sodium |
| The primary means of water movement between fluid compartments is: | Osmosis, concentration of ions |
| The thirst center is stimulated by ALL of the following EXCEPT: | Stimulate thirst center: Osmos receptors in the hypothalamus, baroreceptors, dry mouth, and angiotensin 2 |
| The primary determinant of body fluid volume is the: | Number of sodium and chloride ions lost from the kidneys |
| A decrease in angiotensin 2 leads to: | A decreased blood volume due to increased glomerular filtration rate |
| In studies of fluid balance, the term water intoxication refers to: | Movement of H2O from the interstitial fluid into intercellular fluid due to osmotic pressure created by ion loss |
| ADH saves water by: | Enhancing passive movement of water out of the collecting duct |
| Extracellular fluids are: | High in sodium and low in potassium outside th cell |
| Excessive intake of drinking of water normally leads to: | Reduced ADH secretion and rise in blood pressure |
| Levels of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily by: | Aldosterone |
| Levels of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily by: | Aldosterone |
| The primary intracellular ions are: | Potassium, phosphate ions, and protein anions |
| Protein anions are most abundant in: | Cytosol cells |
| When bicarbonate ion diffuses out of RBCs into plasma, it is usually exchanged with which anion? | Hydrogen |
| Bicarbonate ions acts as a: | Weak base |
| The carboxyl group of an amino acid acts as a buffer for: | Excessive hydroxide ions and strong base |
| Hemoglobin picks up a hydrogen ion when: | It releases O2 to tissues |
| If the blood is acidic, which one of the following would NOT occur? | Ammonia would be secreted by the cells of the kidney tubules, sodium ions are taken up by kidneys and hydrogen ions would be excreted the kidneys, more acid will be secreted in the urine |
| Holding your breath for an extended period of time results in: | Respiratory acidosis |
| In compensating for respiratory alkalosis, the body excretes more: | Bicarbonate ions into the urine |
| An increase in ADH leads to: | Insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into principle cell membrane, more water can pass through membrane |
| The inspiratory center in the medulla oblongata triggers more forceful and frequent contractions of the diaphragm if: | Levels of ketone bodies become elevated (blood pH=more basic), blood becomes too acidic the respiratory rate will increase |
| Hydrogen ions are normally eliminated from the body by: | Excretion of urine |
| A person who has not eaten for a week is probably: | Generate ketone bodies, excreting excess hydrogen ions, and generating new bicarbonate ions |
| Increasing respiratory rate will: | Result in an increase in the excretion of excess bicarbonate ions |
| Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may lead to metabolic acidosis because: | Increased rate of lipolysis and ketogenesis occurs |
| Which of the following might trigger an increase in the rate of deamination of glutamine by the renal tubule cells as a form of compensation for a pH imbalance? | Pulmonary edema |
| The most abundant buffer intracellular fluid system is: | Proteins |
| Use of laxatives in older people to relieve constipation often results in: | Hypokalemia |
| Edema may result from: | Increased blood hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic blockage, and hypoproteined |
| The level of sodium ions in the blood is controlled by the hormones: | Aldosterone, ADP, and ADH |
Created by:
Mari_Lopez127
Popular Anatomy sets