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Final
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n): | tissue. |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. | right hypochondriac |
| Molecules are: | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except the: | heart. |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. | right and left |
| The number of abdominal regions is: | nine. |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: | sagittal. |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | ventral/dorsal. |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| The most abundant and important compound(s) in the body is(are): | water. |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition |
| The octet rule refers to the: | stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: | protons. |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? | Iron |
| A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus is a(n): | electron. |
| Which of the following represents properties of water? | All of the above |
| An ionic bond is formed by: | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | microvilli. |
| The structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the: | lysosome. |
| Rafts are stiff groupings of membrane molecules. What is their function? | Help organize the various components of the plasma membrane,Play an important role in the pinching of a parent cell into two daughter cells,Sometimes allow the cell to form depressions that form a means of carrying substances into the cell |
| The fundamental organizational unit of life is the: | cell. |
| The enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: | peroxisomes. |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi apparatus |
| Which cell extension lacks a central pair of microtubules, is not found in blood cells, and functions in the kidney to monitor urine flow? | Primary cilium |
| Tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called: | caveolae. |
| Granules or threads within the nucleus are called: | chromatin. |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the | cerumen. |
| The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective. |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | extracellular matrix. |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a | matrix. |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| The _____ junction “glues” the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis. | dermoepidermal |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| Which of the following is not a principal type of tissue? | cardiac |
| Which of the following contains intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle |
| The basic determinant of skin color is | melanin. |
| Which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally? | fibula |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called | Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called |
| The most common type of cartilage is | hyaline. |
| The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the | periosteum. |
| The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the | diaphysis. |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? | pubis |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the leg? | mandible |
| What structures normally hold the foot bones firmly in their arched positions? | ligaments and tendons |
| Spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. |
| Bone marrow is a specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue called | myeloid tissue. |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? | Sacrospinalis |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? | The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move, The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves,When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin. |
| The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. | True |
| The prime mover can also be called the: | agonist. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Rectus ,Femoris Both A and C |
| A muscle that assists with mastication is the: | masseter. |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? | Sartorius |
| Which of the following is not a group of pennate muscles? | Tripinnate |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | spiral |
| The muscle that raises or lowers the shoulders or shrugs them is the: | trapezius. |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment,Detect changes in the internal environment, Evaluate changes in the environment . All of the above are true. |
| Astrocytes attach to: | neurons. oligodendrocytes. blood vessels. Correct! both A and C. |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | sensory |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. in all of the above ways. |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | accessory. |
| Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | True |
| Beta receptors: | bind norepinephrine. |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. | False |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? | Thoracic |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater. |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: | vestibulocochlear. |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | tenth |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the anterior segment, which is filled with aqueous humor. A | (E) |
| Identify the letter that indicates an immune organ that also secretes hormones. | (C) |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. thyroid gland | adrenal gland |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial. |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum. |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the | stronger the contraction. |
| Identify the letter that indicates the vessel that arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins. | (A )above the heart |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| Platelets play an important role in | blood clotting. |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremity. |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles. |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the: | maxillary. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | lining the nasopharynx. Correct answer covering the superior turbinate. lining the paranasal sinuses. in all of the above. |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils. anterior nares. external nares. all of the above. |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | Vestibule |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: | epiglottis. |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | They serve in voice production. |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx. |
| The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the | uvula. |
| All of the following are classified as accessory organs of the digestive system except the: | mouth. |
| The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is: | ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. |
| The most essential part of bile is: | bile salts. |
| Surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as: | cholecystectomy. |
| Bile is secreted by: | hepatic cells. |
| An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep: | serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. |
| Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds? | Filiform |
| Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine? | Cecum |
| Which of the following organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion? | Esophagus |
| Urine formation involves all the following processes except: | catabolism. |
| Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? | Aldosterone Aldosterone Both B and C |
| Under normal conditions, most nutrients are reabsorbed in which portion of the nephron? | Proximal tubule |
| Which of the following is not a normal function of the kidneys? | Regulate blood sugar |
| A portion of the nephron that can lie within the medulla is the: | nephron loop. |
| The substance most often measured to determine normal kidney function is: | creatinine. |
| Which of the following ions is not normally secreted into the distal or collecting tubules? | Sodium |
| ADH has the greatest effect on the reabsorption of water in the: | distal tubule. |
| The calyces of the kidney join together to form a large collection reservoir called the: | renal pelvis. |
| Reabsorption, as performed in the kidney, may be defined as the: | movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood. |
| Which of the following is not true concerning the uterus? | It produces estrogen. |
| The final stage in the process of ovarian follicle development is the: | corpus albicans. |
| The urethral orifice is _____ to the vagina opening. | anterior |
| Each of the following is a duct in the male reproductive system except: | inguinal canal. |
| Which of the following is not an accessory sex organ of the female reproductive system? | Which of the following is not an accessory sex organ of the female reproductive system? |
| In the male, LH: | stimulates the interstitial cells to increase their secretion of testosterone. |
| Which of the following is not true of the vagina? | It is a passageway for urine. |
| The region between the vaginal orifice and the anus is called the: | perineum. |
Created by:
Yolanda Weatherspoon
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