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A&P I Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two parts of the integument? | Cutaneous Membrane(skin)/ Accessory Structures |
| What are the two parts of the cutaneous membrane? | Outer epidermis/ Inner dermis |
| What other systems is the integumentary system connected to? | Accessory Structures: Hair, nails, multicellular exocrine glands/ Connections: Blood vessels in the dermis/ Nervous system: Sensory receptors/ Hypodermis |
| What are the general functions of skin? | Protection/ Excretion/ Maintenance/ Production/ Synthesis/ Storage/ Detection |
| What kind of epithelial tissue is the epidermis? | Avascular stratified squamous |
| What is a keratinocyte? | Contain large amounts of keratin |
| What are the most abundant cells of the epidermis? | Keratinocytes |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Basale: attch to base membrane/ strong bond btwn epidermins and dermis/ epidermal ridges/ Dermal papillae/ basal cells or stem cells |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Spinosum: Division of stratum basale/ 8-10 layers of keratinocytes/ cells shrink/ divides=increases thickness of epith. |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Granulosum: Stops dividing, starts producing/ Keratin & Keratohyalin |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Lucidum: clear layer/ found only in thick skin/ covers stratum granulosum |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? Know what order they occur in, from deepest to superficial. | Stratum Corneum: horn layer/ Exposed skin:15-30 layers or kera cells/ water resistant/ shed and replaces every 2 weeks. |
| What are thick and thin skin? Where is each found? | Thick: Covers palms and soles/ 5 layers of keratinocytes Thin: Covers most of body/ 4 layers of keratinocytes |
| What specialized cells are found in the stratum basale? | Melanocytes: pigment melanin & scattered |
| In which two layers do epidermal cells divide? When do they stop dividing? | Stratum Spinosum/ Stratum Granulosum |
| Cells in the stratum granulosum start producing __________. | Keratin & Keratohyalin |
| What is keratin? | Tough fibrous protein/ makes up hair and nails |
| In which layer do cells begin to dehydrate and die? | Stratum Granulosum |
| Which layer is only found in thick skin? | Stratum Lucidum |
| What layer is the exposed surface of the skin? | Stratum Corneum |
| How long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum? | 15-30 days |
| How long does a cell remain in the stratum corneum? | 2 weeks |
| How long is the life cycle of a cell, from the stratum basale to the time it is shed? | 1-1.5 months |
| Where does the shape of fingerprints come from? | Papillary layer |
| Which two pigments influence skin color? Which contributes the most? | Carotene/ Melanin (most) |
| How does blood circulation affect skin color? | Skin reddens: Blood vessels dilate from heat Skin pales: Blood flow decreases |
| What is cyanosis? | Bluish skin tint/ Severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation |
| Understand how melanocytes inject pigment into keratinocytes. | Melanocytes produce melanin in the stratum basal and are taken up by keratinocytes |
| What is the main function of melanin in the skin? | Protects skin from sun damage |
| Why is sun exposure necessary for the body to produce vitamin D? | Converts VD into calcitriol. Aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus |
| Why is vitamin D necessary for the body? | Insufficient VD can cause rickets |
| Where is the papillary layer of the dermis? What kind of tissue is the papillary layer made of? | Has papillae(ridges) projecting between epidermal ridges/ Made of areolar tissue |
| Where is the reticular layer of the dermis? What kind of tissue is the reticular layer made of? | Has dense irregular connective tissue/ Made of collagen and elastic fibers |
| Where does the skin get its properties of strength and elasticity? | Collagen fibers/ Elastic fibers |
| What factors contribute to reduced skin elasticity? | Dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure |
| Where is the hypodermis? What kind of tissue is the hypodermis made of? | Subcutaneous Layer/ Elastic, areolar, and adipose tissues |
| Describe five types of integumentary accessory structures. | Hair: Protects and insulates/ sensitive to light touch |
| Describe five types of integumentary accessory structures. | Hair Follicle: Deep in dermis/ produces nonliving hairs/ wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath/ sensory nerves |
| Describe five types of integumentary accessory structures. | Arrector pili: involuntary smooth muscle/ produces goose bumps |
| Describe five types of integumentary accessory structures. | Sebaceous glands: Lubricates the hair/ control bacteria |
| Describe five types of integumentary accessory structures. | Nails: protects fingers and toes/ made of dead cells packed with keratin |
| What are the functions of hair? | Protects and insulates |
| How do “goose bumps” happen? | Certain stimuli to the Arrector pili |
| What determines hair color? | Determined by genes |
| What are the two types of sebaceous glands(oil)? | Holocrine glands/ Secrete sebum |
| What are the functions of sebum? | Contains lipids/ Lubricates and protects the epidermis/ inhibits bacteria |
| What is the difference between apocrine and merocrine sweat glands? Where can each be found? What secretions do they produce? | Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin/ sticky, cloudy secretions. Activates to hormonal or nervous signal. Smelly sweat |
| What is the difference between apocrine and merocrine sweat glands? Where can each be found? What secretions do they produce? | Widely distributed on body, palms. soles/ cools skin/ excretes water and electrolytes/ flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals |
| Why does the sweat produced in apocrine sweat glands produce body odor? | breakdown of protein and waste by bacteria |
| What is the main function of merocrine sweat glands? | cools skin/ flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals form skin |
| What are nails made of? What is the primary function of nails? | Made of dead cells packed with keratin/ protect fingers and toes |
| Understand the steps of repairing the integument. | Bleeding occurs/ mast cells trigger inflammatory response/ scab stabilizes and protects area/ macrophages clean area/ fibroblasts and endothelial cells produce scar tissue. |
| What is a keloid? | thick, raised scar tissue |
| Describe the effects of aging on the integumentary system. | Epidermal thinning/ decreased vitamin D3 production, melanocyte, and glandular activity/ reduced blood supply/ decreased function of hair follicles/ slower repair rate |
Created by:
ClintonPerdue
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