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A&P I Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are five primary functions of the skeletal system? | Support/ Storage of Minerals and Lipids/ Blood Cell Production/ Protection/ Leverage |
| What are the five possible bone shapes? | Irregular/ Short/ Flat/ Long/ Sesamoid |
| Where do sesamoid bones develop? | Inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
| What is the function of sesamoid bones? | Provides leveralge and tension increase force of joints |
| What kinds of shapes can bone markings take on? What do these represent? | Depressions or grooves: Along bone surface/ Elevations or Projections: tendons and ligaments attch & articulations/ Tunnels: blood and nerves enter bone |
| What is the diaphysis? | Diaphysis: The shaft/ Heavy wall of compact or dense bone/ Central space called medullary(marrow) cavity. |
| What is the central space of the diaphysis called? | Medullary Cavity |
| What is the basic structure of all flat bones? | spongy bone sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone |
| What are the components of bone matrix? | Deposits of calcium salts/ Osteocytes within lacunae organized around blood vessels/ canaliculi |
| What two substances give bone matrix its incredibly strong properties and why? | two thirds calcium phosphate crystals/ one third protein fibers(collagen) |
| Is bone made up mostly of matrix, or mostly of cells? | Matrix |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteogenic Cells: Stem cells divide to produce osteoblasts/ Assist in fracture repair |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteoblasts: Immature bone cells that secrete matric compounds/ Osteoid/ Calcium binds to osteoid to calcify and harden the matrix |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteocytes: mature bone cells maintain the bone matrix/ Live in lacunae/ Are btwn layers(lamellae) of matrix/ Do not divide/ Maintains protein and mineral content and helps repair bone |
| Know the names, functions, and locations of each type of bone cell. | Osteoclasts: Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes/ Giant multinucleate cells/ Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals/ derived from stem cells that produce macrophages |
| What is an osteon? What is the structure of osteons? | Basic unit/ osteocytes arrnaged in concentric lamellae/ around central canal containing blood vessels/ perforating canals |
| What are circumferential lamellae? | Lamellae wrapped around the long bone/ Bind osteons together |
| How are COMPACT bone and spongy bone different? | Covered w/ a membrane/ Periosteum on the outside/ covers all bones except enclosed joint capsules/ Has an outer, fibrous, inner, and cellular layer/ Perforating fibers |
| What are the functions of red and yellow marrow? Where is each found? | Red: Has blood vessels/ blood cells are created in bone marrow/ supplies nutrients to osteocytes// Found in medullary cavity of long bones/ yellow=stored fat/ spongy holds yellow marrow |
| Where is periosteum found? What are the functions of periosteum? | Compact bone, on the outside/ Isolates bone from surrounding tissues/ provides circulatory & nervous supply routes/ participates in bone growth and repair |
| Where is endosteum found? What are the functions of endosteum? | Compact bone, on the inside/ Incomplete cell layer/ Lines medullary(marrow) cavity/ covers trabeculae of spongy bone/ lines central canals/ active in bone growth and repair/ has osteo: blasts, genic, clasts |
| What is ossification? | Process of bone formation |
| Bones formed via endochondral ossification originate as _______. | Hyaline cartilage |
| Most bones originate via ________ ossification. | Endochondral |
| Understand the steps of endochondral ossification. 1,2 | Condrocytes in center of cartilage enlarge greatly, dying, leaving large cavities/ blood vessels grow around edges of cartilage. outer layer of cartilage cells turn into bone cells. |
| In endochondral ossification, what is the difference between primary and secondary ossification centers? | Primary forms in the diaphyseal region of the periosteum(periosteal collar)./ Secondary develop in the epiphyseal region after birth. |
| What is the epiphyseal cartilage and why is it only visible on immature bones? | one side is calcified so the other side can continue to grow. |
| What is epiphyseal closure and what does it form in mature bones? | When there is no more cartilage. Calcifies. |
| An “empty space” on an x-ray of long bones indicates what? | No more cartilage. |
| Bones formed via intramembranous ossification originate where? | Dermis |
| What two bone cell types are responsible for balancing mineral recycling in bones? | Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts |
| What effect does exercise have on bones? | Weight-bearing exercise triggers osteoblasts to build bone. |
| Understand how the skeleton functions as a calcium reserve and why. | Bones can store or release calcium as needed by other parts of the body. Calcium ions are vital to membranes, neurons, muscle & heart cells. |
| Understand each of the four steps of fracture repair. | A fracture hematoma forms/ Internal & external calli form/ Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone/ Remodeling occurs. |
| What effects does aging have on bones? | Bones become thinner & weaker/ Osteopenia: Normal bone loss due to age. 30-40yrs. Women loose 8% per decade and men lose 3%/ Epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected. |
| What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis? | Osteopenia is normal bone loss due to aging. Osteoporosis is bone loss due to a disease. |
| What effect does cancer have on bones? | Releases a chemical called osteoclast-activating factor. Stimulates osteoclasts and produces sever osteoporosis. |
| What is the epiphysis? | Wide part at each end/ Articulation w/ other bones/ Mostly spongy bone/ covered w/ compact bone |
| What is the metaphysis? | Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet |
| How are compact bone and SPONGY bone different? | Does not have osteons/ matrix forms an open network of trabeculae/ trabeculae have not blood vessels |
| Understand the steps of endochondral ossification. 3 | Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. Blood brings fribroblasts that turn into bone cells. Osteoblasts begin to produce spongy bone at the primary ossification center. Bone formation spreads toward the ends. |
| Understand the steps of endochondral ossification. 4,5 | Spongy bone is remolded into compact bone and has a medullary cavity. Growth continues to increase length and diameter. Blood vessels and osteoblasts reach the two ends, which creates secondary ossification centers. |
| Understand the steps of endochondral ossification. 6 | The epiphyses become filled with spongy bone. Epiphyseal cartilage is located at the metaphysis. Shaft side of epiphyseal cartilage produces bone, opposite side produces cartilage. Bone growth continues to grow lengthwise until age 16-21. |
| Understand the steps of endochondral ossification. 7 | Long bone stops growing after puberty. Epiphyseal cartilage disappeas. Epiphyseal line is visible on X-rays. This epiphyseal closure occurs approx age 16-21. |
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ClintonPerdue
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