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A&P II
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the function(s) of the larynx | ● To provide a patent airway● To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels●To function in voice production Prevents Aspiration |
| Describe what influences the loudness of a person’s voice | Depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords |
| In relation to the walls of the alveoli describe the function of type II cells | secrete surfactant coats alveoli surfaces, reduces surface tension |
| Describe the pleurae and its importance to the integrity of the lungs | ● Thin, double-layered serosa keeps shape● Parietal pleuraCovers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm continues around heart and between lungsVisceral or pulmonary, pluraaCovers the external lung surface Divides the thoracic cavity i |
| Define intrapulmonary pressure | Pressure within the alveoli |
| Explain Boyle’s law | Boyle’s law is the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases P¹v¹=P²v²P= Pressure of gas in mm Hgv= Volume of gas in cubic millimetersSubscripts 1 and 2 represent the initial and resulting conditions, respectively |
| Explain Dalton’s law | ● the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture●The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture |
| Describe surfactant and its function | ● it’s a detergent like complex keeps water from building and blocking gas exhange●reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsingLubricant – rubbing sound if missing |
| Explain the Bohr effect | ●Declining blood pH (acidosis) and increasing PCO2 weaken the Hb-O2 bond |
| Explain the benefits – if any – of increased carbon dioxide in a healthy person | ●reflex to make you breath- recpetors detect CO2 to cause breathing |
| Describe the function of the dorsal respiratory group | ●excites muscles and eupina, pace setting center, Dormant during aspiration |
| Explain what influences the increase in ventilation that occur with exercise | ●builds up latic acid. Must breath out CO2 |
| Be familiar with the different forms of lung cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arise in bronchial epitheliumAdenocarcinoma (25-35% of cases) originates in peripheral lung areaSmall cell carcinoma (20-25% of cases) contains lymphocyte cells that originate in the primary bronchi |
| Describe the events necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2 | Carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs&combines w/ water to form carbonic acid (h2co3), which quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions & bicarbonate ions●In RBCs, carbonic anhydrase reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide &water to carbonic acid |
| Describe the events necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2 at the tissue | Bicarbonate quickly diffuses from RBCs into the plasma The chloride shift- to counter balance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs chloride ions move from the plasma into the ErythrocytesPulmonary ventilation, external respiration, tra |
| Define Tidal Volume (TV) | ●During normal quiet breathing about 500ml of air moves into and then out of the lungs with each breath. Smokers have decreased volume |
| Define vital capacity and the ideal vital capacity | decreases in females and children●VC is the total amount of exchangeable air. It is the sum of TH, IRV, and ERV. VC is approximately 4800ml |
| Define and explain causes of hypoxia sickle cell enemia | ●Inadequate Oxygen delivery to body tissues Anemic Hypoxia-too few RBCs of form RBCs that contain abnormal ot too little HbIschemic (stagnant) Hypoxia-results when blood circulation is impaired or blockedHistotoxic Hypoxia-Occurs when body cells are |
| Identify the for stimulus(’s) for breathing | Excitatory and inhibitory hypothalamic, cortical control, pulmonary irritant reflex, inflation reflex |
| Describe the location of the respiratory control centers | Medullary Respiratory & PonsSmooth out inspiration and expiration transition and vice versa |
| Medullary Respiratory center | The dorsal respiratory group (DRG), or inspiratory centerIs located near the root of nerve IVAppears to be the pacesetting centerExcites the inspiratory muscles and sets eupneaBecomes dormant during expiration |
| Define inspiratory capacity | The diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract and the rib Cage TV+RIV●The lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases●Air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradient, until intrapleural pressure=atmospheric pressure |
| Describe the function(s) of CO2 | Dialater of smooth muscle, transport O2 to tissue, regulates PH levels |
| Describe how O2 and CO@ are exchanged in the lungs | CO2 and H2O attract O2 to cross membrane |
| Describe the pharynx and it’s relations to the auditory tubes | Drains middle ear cavities |
| Describe the function(s) of the oropharynx | Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate 2the epiglottis Opens to the oral cavity via an archway called the faucesServes as a common passageway for food &airThe epithelial lining is protective sratified squamous epithelium Palatine tonsils |
| Describe what if found in the right lobe of the lung | ●Right lung is separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures●There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each lung |
| Define carbon monoxide | is odorless, colorless gas that competes vigorously with oxygen for heme binding sites |
| Define hypoxemia | decrease O2 transport in the blood |
| Define hypoxia | whatever the cause inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues |
| Name the respiratory structure that provide the greatest surface are for gas exchange | Alveoli sac and capillary walls |
| Describe what the respiratory membrane is made of | only 0.5-1µm thick allows for efficient gas exchange a total surface area(in males)of 60m² Thicken if lungs become waterlogged &edematous where gas exchange is inadequate &o2deprivation results Decrease in surface area w/ emphysema when walls of adjacent |
| Identify causative factors that might lead to a gas emboli | pressure changes that the body cant compensate |
| Define inspiratory capacity and relate to the respiratory process | total air you can inhale |
| the age at which a premature baby can survive | 28 weeks |
| respiratory rate of a newborn | ●40-80 respirations per min shallow uneven breathing. Breaths though nose and with belly |
| Identify factors or structures responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall | Pleura |
| Describe physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation | ●air resistance, inspiration uses diaphragm, alveoli condition |
| Identify characteristics of emphysema | ●Is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli, accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls. Invariably the lungs lose their elasticity. |
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