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Chp. 17 & 18 Quiz
Anatomy Quiz Urinary & Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the urinary system | 1. eliminate waste products from the body 2. help regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance |
| What are the organs of the urinary system | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| What are the functions of the kidneys | 1. secrete erythropoietin to stimulate the production of RBCs in red bone marrow 2. carry out final step in synthesizing Vitamin D (calcitriol) 3. detoxify some drugs 4. formation of urine |
| where and how are the kidneys positioned in the body | positioned against posterior abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3 R kidneys slightly lower than L due to liver position retroperitoneal - behind the peritoneum adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney |
| what does the cortex region of the kidneys contain | fibrous capsule, renal columns, renal sinuses |
| what does the medullary region of the kidneys contain | renal pyramids, minor and major calices, renal pelvis |
| What is the function of the cortex region of the kidneys | brings blood to the medullary region to be filtered into the urine |
| what is the function of the medullary region of the kidneys | active in the formation and transportation of urine |
| what connects to the hilum of kidneys | blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and ureter |
| how does urine flow through the medullary region of the kidneys and end up in the ureter | renal pyramids > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter |
| what is the pathway of renal circulation (blood vessels to and from the kidneys) | aorta > renal artery > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries or vasa recta > arcuate vein> renal vein > inferior vena cava |
| what is the difference between arcuate arteries and veins & cortical radiate arteries and veins | arcuate are located in the medullary region of the kidney cortical radiate are located in the cortex region of the kidney |
| what is the difference between peritubular capillaries and vasa recta | peritubular capillaries surround renal tubules in the cortex region of kidney, while vasa recta surround renal tubules in the medulla region of kidney |
| what is a nephron? what is its function? | the functional unit of the kidney where plasma is filtered and processed to form urine |
| what are the 2 parts that make up the nephron | renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| what is the renal corpuscle and what is its function | a ball shaped structure made up of a glomerulus and glomerular capsule its function is to filter blood plasma and produce filtrate |
| what is the glomerulus | a ball of capillaries surrounded by podocytes |
| what are podocytes and their function | 1. cells with bulbous bodies and several thick arm extensions, called foot processes, that wrap around the glomerular capillaries 2. they form filtration barriers via the slits their foot processes form as they wrap around glomerular capillaries |
| what is the glomerular capsule | an outer layer that encloses the glomerulus |
| what is the capsular space in the renal corpuscle | an empty space that separates the glomerulus & glomerular capsule and collects filtrate produced by the glomerulus to transport it to the proximal convoluted tubule |
| afferent arteriole vs efferent arteriole | 1. afferent delivers blood to glomerulus, while efferent carries blood away from glomerulus 2. afferent larger in vessel diameter than efferent |
| what is the purpose of the afferent arteriole being larger than the efferent arteriole | to create a high pressure zone so that the filtrate flows out of the renal corpuscle along a pressure gradient |
| what is the proximal convoluted tubule and its function | a long, coiled tube containing tall microvilli that increase the absorptive area it is the location where glomerular filtrate leaves the renal corpuscle and enters the nephron |
| what is the distal convoluted tubule and its function | a long, coiled tube that carries urine to the collecting duct |
| in the nephron loop, what are the differences between the thick segments and thin segments of the loop | 1. thick is made of simple cuboidal ET and thin is made of simple squamous ET 2. thick require a lot of ATP and mitochondria to actively transport ions 3. thin are very permeable to water |
| what is the flow of fluid through the urinary system, starting from the afferent arteriole and ending in the urethra | afferent arteriole > glomerulus > capsular space > proximal convoluted tubule > nephron loop > distal convoluted tubule > collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra |
| what are the ureters and their function? how are they positioned? | muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder pass posteriorly to the bladder and enter via below |
| how do ureters prevent urine backflow | they have flaps of mucosa that act as valves as ureter openings |
| what is the urinary bladder and its functions | a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity it serves to store urine and initiate voiding of urine when necessary |
| what is the detrusor of the bladder | 3 layers of smooth muscle, lined internally with transitional ET, that contract to stimulate the voiding of urine |
| what is the purpose of transitional ET in the bladder | it allows for the stretch and recoil of the bladder |
| what is the trigone of the bladder | a smooth triangular area on bladder floor near the openings of the 2 ureters and urethra |
| what is the function of the urethra | to conduct urine from the bladder to outside the body |
| what is micturition | the act of urination |
| what stimulates the bladder to contract and release urine | stretch receptors in the bladder wall send signals to the spinal cord when the bladder is sufficiently filled with urine > signals return to bladder via parasympathetic nerves > detrusor contracts |
| what are 3 fluid names and their locations | 1. glomerular filtrate = fluid in glomerulus/capsular space 2. tubular fluid = fluid in renal tubules 3. urine = fluid in collecting duct |
| what are the 4 stages of urine formation | 1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion 4. water conservation |
| what is glomerular filtration | a process in which water and some solute in blood plasma are filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space |
| what solutes can be filtered during glomerular filtration. what solutes cannot? | water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, vitamins larger particles cannot be filtered |
| what is the filtration membrane | where particles and solutes pass through |
| what is the filtration membrane made of | 1. endothelium of glomerulus (fenestrated capillaries) 2. basement membrane made up of glycoproteins 3. filtration silts created by podocytes of glomerulus |
| what is the purpose of the individual layers of filtration membrane | 1. fenestrated capillaries of glomerulus ET contain large pores that allow many solutes to pass through 2. meshwork of glycoproteins hold back proteins and large particles 3. allow filtrate to pass through slits into capsular space |
| how does the urinary system play a role in the hormonal control of blood pressure | drop in BP > kidneys secrete Renin > Renin converts Angiotensinogen (secreted by liver) into Angiotensin I > lungs secrete Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme > ACE converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II > Angiotensin II bring BP back down |
| what 4 things can Angiotensin II cause that can bring BP back down | 1. widespread vasoconstriction 2. increased thirst, promoting water intake 3. promotes adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone > sodium and water retention 4. Promotes posterior pituitary to secrete ADH > water retention |
| what is tubular reabsorption | when certain substances from the filtrate pass from the renal tubule and back into the blood |
| why does the bloodstream take back solutes during tubular reabsorption if they were already filtered out? what solutes does it filter back into the blood? | these solutes are needed back by the body to function blood cells, plasma proteins, large anions, protein bound hormones & minerals, and molecules bigger than 8mm in diameter |
| where is 65% of tubular fluid reabsorbed? | proximal convoluted tubule |
| what is tubular secretion | when additional wastes in the blood flow into the tubular fluid |
| what solutes does tubular secretion bring into tubular fluid | water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, urea, uric acid, creatinine |
| what is water conservation | |
| which 2 steps of urine formation occur simultenously | tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
| which 2 hormones decrease urine production | aldosterone and ADH |
| What is the role of angiotensin II | makes one thirsty stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone stimulates posterior pituitary to secrete antidiuretic hormone widespread vasoconstriction to raise BP |
| what is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | promote water retention |
| what is the role of aldosterone | promote retention of sodium and water promote potassium secretion |
| what is the role of renin | converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I |
| what is the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II |
| what is the function of food | source of energy for cellular metabolism raw material for building tissues and organs |
| what are nutrients | ingested chemicals used for fuel, growth, repair, and maintenance of the body |
| what are macronutrients and what do they include | nutrients that must be consumes in large quantities water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
| what are micronutrients and what do they include | nutrients that only require small quantities to be consumed minerals and vitamins |
| what are carbohydrates and their functions | sugar (glucose) and starch (glucose chains) fuel for cellular work formation of structural components of other molecules (glycolipids, glycoproteins) |
| what is dietary fiber and what does it include | all fibrous materials that resist digestion cellulose and pectin (carbohydrates) & gums and lignin (non-carbohydrates) |
| why is dietary fiber not considered a nutrient | it's never absorbed into the body's tissues |
| what is water-soluble fiber, what does it include, and what is its function | 1. fiber that dissolves in water 2. pectin and cellulose found in oats, beans, and peas 3. reduces blood cholesterol levels |
| what is water-insoluble fiber, what does it include, and what it its function | 1. fiber that doesn't dissolve in water 2. gums and lignin 3. absorbs water and softens stool, helping the body to produce bowel movements |
| What are lipids | hydrophobic energy-storage molecules |
| what are the 2 most common lipids in the body | phospholipids and cholesterol |
| function of phospholipids and what are they made of | structural components of plasma membranes and myelin phosphate group + lipid |
| function of cholesterol | precursor of steroid hormones and bile acids also helps form phospholipid bilayer |
| what is the structure of a blood lipoprotein | a droplet shape with a triglyceride + cholesterol core and a protein + phospholipid outer coating |
| what is the function of blood lipoproteins | allow hydrophobic liquids to be transported in blood |
| how are lipoproteins classified | based on density of their ratio of protein to lipid more protein = more dense less protein = less dense |
| what are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and their function | lipoproteins with a higher ratio of protein to lipid in their structure collects excess cholesterol and phospholipids from blood of the liver and converts cholesterol into bile |
| what are very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and their function | lipoproteins with a higher ratio of lipid to protein in their structure transport triglycerides to adipose tissues |
| what are low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and their function | former VLDLs that have had triglycerides (lipids) removed, raising its density; made primarily of cholesterol absorbed by cells needing cholesterol via endocytosis |
| pathway of HDL processing | liver produces empty HDL shells > shells pick up cholesterol and phospholipids from tissues > shells fill and return to the liver > liver excretes excess cholesterol and bile acids > liver either produces more empty HDL shells or new VLDLs |
| pathway of VLDL/LDL processing | liver produces VLDLs > triglycerides removed and stored in adipocytes > decreased amount of lipid presence in VLDL converts it into an LDL > cells needing extra cholesterol asborb LDLs via endocytosis |
| what are protein | essential amino acids chains |
| how many amino acids can humans synthesize on their own? How many need to be obtained through food? | 12 of 20 8 of 20 |
| what are minerals | inorganic elements that plants extract from soil and water |
| what are vitamins | organic compounds that serve as coenzymes and cofactors |
| what makes something organic vs inorganic | organic has the presence of carbon in its structure inorganic has no presence of carbon in its structure |
| what are water-soluble vitamins and which vitamins do they include? | vitamins that are dissolved via water Vitamins B and C |
| what are fat-soluble vitamins and which vitamins do they include? | vitamins that are dissolved via lipids Vitamins A, D, K, and E |
| what is metabolism | the sum of all chemical changes in the body |
| what is anabolism | energy-requiring synthesis reactions that build micromolecules into macromolecules |
| what is catabolism | energy-releasing breakdown reactions the break macromolecules into micromolecules |
| what is the purpose of catabolism and anabolism | catabolism breaks down macromolecules that we ingest into micromolecules that can be absorbed by the body anabolism build micro molecules back into macromolecules which are used to build new cells |
| what is glycogenesis | the synthesis of glycogen from glucose |
| how does glycogenesis work.? when does it occur? | its stimulated by insulin and consists of polymerization reactions that link individual glucose molecules into branched chains of glycogen (anabolism) it occurs when there is too much glucose present in the blood |
| where is glycogen stored after glycogenesis | 1/4 stored in liver 3/4 stored in skeletal muscle tiny amounts stored in cardiac muscle, uterine lining, and others |
| is ATP necessary for glycogenesis | yes, all anabolism reactions require a lot of ATP |
| what happens when ATP is abundant but we still have glucose to be converted? | glucose is converted into glycogen and fat for storage |
| what is glycogenolysis | the breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules |
| how does glycogenolysis work? | glucagon and epinephrine stimulate the hydrolysis of glycogen into glucose, which is then released when glucose isn't being absorbed from food (in between meals) |
| how does the body use the glucose produces by glycogenolysis | the liver releases glucose in between meals the muscles retain glucose to use for their own needs |
| what is gluconeogenesis | the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids |
| when does gluconeogenesis occur | when there isn't enough stored glycogen to met energy needs |
| where does glycerol come from | the breakdown of fat |
| which nutrient is needed in greater amounts than any other nutrient (besides water) and why | carbohydrates carbohydrates are broken down into glucose which is necessary for ATP production |
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